重难点03 阅读理解之说明文（解析版）.docx

命题趋势】重难点03阅读理解之说明文最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研 成果；人们比拟关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方 式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相比照拟难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考 查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同 一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常到达了 4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的 语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破 折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。【总分值技巧】高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、 主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜想词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜想词义三方面问题 为主。一、词义猜想类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜想某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题有的文章尽 管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜想还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这 类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜想。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要 把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜想。运用构词法，语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下 几种方法猜想：（-）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻 辑关系推断生词词义。1 .通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词2 .根据因果关系猜想词义3 .通过定义或释义关系来推测词义4 .通过句法功能来推测词义5 .通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句了或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词【答案】12.B13. D 14. C 15. C【解析】【分析】本文是说明文。研究人员发现酒也可能成为人们饮食的一局部，适当的饮酒并不会导致人们发胖，并且适 量饮酒会防止人们得糖尿病。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段第句 It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to pul on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day could form part of a diet. "J 知， 研究发现 酒也可能成为人们饮食的一局部，适当的饮酒并不会导致人们发胖。全文都在表达与之有关的研窕，所以 本文应该是写给那些喝酒的人的。应选B。【13题详解】猜想词义题。根据第一段第二句 Looking at past studies they found chat, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.（尽管酗酒确实可以增力口体重，但是那止2适当饮酒的人 实际上会减肥。），根据连词while可知,上下文存在比照关系,in moderation指适当的,有节制的，应选D。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句 His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes（糖尿病）,which relate to increasing obesity.可知，适量饮酒对于糖尿病有防护 作用，也就是说适量饮酒的人不会患上糖尿病。应选C。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句 Whal's more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.可知，一项研究说明葡萄和红酒中存在的resveratrol实际上可 以破坏肥胖细胞，那么接下来就应该证明这一理论的正确性，应选C。【点睛】推理题的解题方法.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理。做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短 语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。1 .整合全文（段）信息进行推断做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确 定最正确结论。小题 2 根据第i段第二句 Looking al past studies （hey found （hat, while heavy drinkers do pul on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.尽管酗酒确实“J以增加体重，但是那些适当饮酒 的人实际上会减肥。根据连词while可知上下文存在比照关系，应选B。（江西师大附中2020届高三三模英语考试卷）话题：文章主要讲述了看起来似乎是讨厌的生物，但在植物授粉方 面，蜜蜂发挥着重要作用。难度：建议用时：6分While bees hopping from one flower to another is vivid to watch, having bees disturbing a backyard barbecue certainly isn't. They may seem like pesky creatures to get rid of but there are quite a few things you may not know about bees, especially (he impact (hey have on our livelihood.The main purpose of bees, particularly honey bees, is to help pollinate the plants around Ihem. According to the Department of Entomology at Pennsylvania State University, pollinators (such as bees) help to fertilize plants, which results in “the formation of seeds and the fruit surrounding seeds”. Pollinators are necessary fbr three-quarters of our major food crops, including fruits, vegetables, and nuts. An estimated 300X)00 species of plants need pollinators. That's around 8() to 95 percent of plant species. Without pollinators, the number of crops wc have will take a serious hit.Other pollinators can help out with this process including butterflies, beetles, and flies. Even some birds and bats can be pollinators. However, bees of various species are known fbr being natural pollinators for plants.By taking care of the bees, our world is able to benefit in terms of agricultural income and nutritious food supply. You may not be able to make a huge change on an industrial level, but as someone with a landscape of your own, why not help save the bees?28. What is the best title for the passage?A. Bees Is Disappearing?B. How You Can Save Bees?C. How Bees Help Pollinate the Plants?1) . Why You Shouldn't Kill Bees in Your Yard?29. What is the main purpose of bees?A. To provide delicious honey.B. To disturb backyard barbecue.C. To get rid of some pesky creatures.D. To help pollinate the plants around them.30. Why docs the author list the numbers in Paragraph 2?A. To show the diversity of plant species.B. To show how we depend on plants.C. To prove the importance of pollinators such as bees.D. To make a comparison between plants which need pollinators and which don't.31. Why docs the author say “we arc facing a serious threat''?A. Because the bcc population has decreased sharply.B. Because lots of wild bees have been hit by people.C. Because many people are attacked by wild bees.D. Because the croplands have produced less crops in the fall.【答案】28. D 29. D 30. C 31. A【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了看起来似乎是讨厌的生物，但在植物授粉方面，蜜蜂发挥着重要作用， 从而使人类能够在农业收入和营养食物供应方面获益。因此，作者在文章中呼吁帮助拯救数量正在急剧下 降的蜜蜂。【28题详解】主旨大意题。文章结构为总分总结构，首尾段落相呼应。文章首段出现了 “but”句，说明此句应是本文的 中心话题句。分析该句 "They may seem like pesky creatures to get rid of. but there are quite a few things you may not know about bees, especially the impact they have on our livelihood.（它们看起来似乎是讨厌的生物，但你可 能不知道关于蜜蜂的很多事情，尤其是它们对我们生活的影响。）”且结合文章末尾内容MBy taking care of the bees, our world is able to benefit in terms of agricultural income and nutritious food supply. You may not be able to make a huge change on an industrial level, but as someone with a landscape of your own, why not help save the bees?（通过照顾蜜蜂，我们的世界能够在农业收入和营养食物供应方面获益。你可能无法在工业层面上做 出巨大的改变，但作为一个拥有自己风景的人，为什么不帮助拯救蜜蜂呢?）"可知，本文的主题是陈述蜜蜂 的重要性以及呼吁我们不要杀死蜜蜂。D项"Why You Shouldn't Kill Bees in Your Yard?（为什么你不应该杀 死你院子里的蜜蜂?）”贴合主旨要义，可作最正确标题。应选D项。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段第 I 句内容 “The main purpose of bees, particularly honey bees, is lo help pollinale （he plants around them.w可知蜜蜂的主要作用是帮助它们周围的植物授粉。应选D项。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中，列举数字之后的总结句“Without pollinators, the number of crops we have will take a serious hit."可知，没有传粉者，我们的农作物数量将受到严重打击。因此可推知作者列举这些数字目的 就是为了说明像蜜蜂这样的授粉者的重要性。应选C项。31题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段第 1 句内容 u Unfortunately, for years there has been an alarming decline of bees around ihe globe.”可知，多年来全球蜜蜂数量急剧下降，并在后文中进行了详细的阐述，且该段末尾内容“”提 到39%的美国农田依靠传粉者来授粉才会有所收成，而蜜蜂是在授粉方面发挥重要作用。由此可推知作者 之所以说我们正面临威胁是因为全球蜜蜂数量急剧减少，会导致许多农产品产量下降。应选A项。【点睛】通过文章主题句来确定标题了解文章的主要论题的关键使找到全文的主题句。主题句一般在文章首段，尤其是在首段或第二段首句出 现了 “but”句的时候，but句往往成为全文的主题句。比方文章的第1小题：1. Wha( is the best title fbr (he passage?A. Bees Is Disappearing?B. How You Can Save Bees?C. How Bees Help Pollinate the Plants?D. Why You Shouldn't Kill Bees in Your Yard?一般而言，第1题为主旨大意题，即：选择最正确标题或文章大意题，说明首段提及了文章的主题。通过阅 读首段，发现了 but 句，即主题句：They may seem like pesky creatures to get rid of. but there are quite a few things you may not know about bees, especially the impact they have on our livelihood.,可知文章的主题为陈述蜜蜂的 重要性，也就回答了 D项的问题：Why You Shouldn't Kill Bees in Your Yard?同时从标题特点角度来说，D 项更能引起兴趣，且贴合主题。应选D项为最正确标题。F(嘉积中学2019-2020学年度第一学期月考)The Visitor Oyster card话题：文章介绍了游览伦敦使用Visitor Oysler Card的好处，如 何购买及如何充值。难度：建议用时：6分A Visitor Oyster card is the cheapest way to pay fbr a single adult journey in London. It's a plastic smartcard. You can use it on the bus, tube, tram, DLR,London Overground and most National Rail services. Ifs much cheaper thanbuying individual tickets, in some cases costing 50% less than the price of a regularpaper ticket.How to get a Visitor Oyster cardHow does the Visitor Oyster card work?A few more points:A child under the age of 11 travels free when accompanied by an adult."You'll save more money if you use the tube several times. The Visitor Oyster cardis “capped (给定上限You'll pay more during peak times. Peak fares apply from Monday to Friday (6:30am9:30 am; 4:00 pm7:00 pm), except for public holidays.Reuse the Oyster card by adding credit at a tube station, Oyster ticket shop orVisitor Centre.Receive a discount on the Thames Clippers River Bus services.1. What can wc learn about the Visitor Oyster card?A. You can't use it during public holidays.B. You can have it mailed directly to your home.C. You can get a free Oyster card if you order online.D. You can receive a 50% discount at any shop in London.2. How much money will be deducted if you take the tube four limes in a day witha Visitor Oyster card?A.B.C.D.3. Where can you add credit to your Visitor Oyster card?A. On (heInternet.B.Ata bus station.C. Alalube station.D.Inconvenience stores.【答案】1. B 2.C3.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了游览伦敦使用VisilorOysterCard的好处，如何购买及如何充值。1题详解】细节理解题。第二段第二句Your card will be delivered by posl.可知VisitorOystercard可以直接寄到你家。故 选B。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据 A few more points 局部 You'll save more money if you use the tube several times. The VisitorOyster card is “capped (给定上限可知如果你乘几次地铁，你会节省更多的钱。Visitor Oyster【3题详解】细节理解题。根据 A few more points 局部倒数第二段 Reuse the Oyster card by adding credit at a tube station. Oyster ticket shop or Visitor Centre.可知可以在地铁站添加1,应选CoG（黑龙江省实验中学2020高三期末英语冲刺仿真模拟训练试题六）话题:说明了瑞典一所学校在四月份取消了学生的家庭作业和考 试的原因。难度：建议用时：6分While an entire month free of homework or tests may sound too good to be true, that is exactly what the students at Sturenskolan School in Boden, Sweden were treated to in April. What,s more, if the results of the experiment prove encouraging, starting 2019, the middle schoolers will never have to worry about after-school work or tests, aside from the national examinations, which are compulsive for students across the country.The school's principal, Petronella Sirkka, who came up with the idea, said, “We are constantly receiving new reports that our children feel bad. And ihat's because they have a high level of stress all the time. This is our way of trying to reduce that stress.”The educator says that while banning homework and tests sounds radical(激进的)，it makes sense given the changes in the cuiriculum and approaches to education. While in the past students were primarily subjected to memorizing facts, learning today is all about reflection and analysis. As a result, it is often harder for kids, especially those with little support at home, to comprehend the material by themselves.Sirkka is not the only one who believes afterschool work does not help students learn. In March 2018, another principal in Canada also decided to do away with homework. They hope parents will spend the extra time reading to their kids.While the long-term impact of (he recent decisions made by the two educators remains to be seen, the experiment has already proved successful in Finland which has done away with homework, grades, and even teaching by subjects for many years. Yet, Finnish students always rank high in the PISA(Programme for International Student Assessment) tests especially in math and science but they have (he least homework! Hopefully, it will only be a matter of time before US educators follow their lead and ban after-school work as well!8. The students at Sturenskolan School had no homework in April because.A. the headmaster was experimenting with her ideathey needed to do some experiments during the monthB. they were busy preparing for the national examinationsthe headmaster had to carry out the government's policy9. What makes children's learning hard nowadays?A. Children have to do more analyzing.B. The approach to education is complex.C. Children get no support at home and school.D. There are more facts to memorize.10. What does Petronella Sirkka most likely advise parents to do?A. Help children with their homework.B. Free children from after-school housework.C. Spend more (ime reading to (heir children.D. Communicate with teachers from time to time.11. What can we infer about the students in Finland?A. They study the hardest at school.B. They have a more relaxing school life.C. They enjoy great success after graduation.D. They all have a talent fbr math and science.【答案】8.A9. A 10. C II.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。瑞典一所学校在四月份取消了学生的家庭作业和考试，这是该校校长Petronella Sirkka 看到学生作业负担太重，而提出的举措，且芬兰采取的类似做法已获得成功。【8题详解】细节理解题。细节理解题。根据第一段中的"an enl i re monlh free of homework or lesls"和“inApril” 可知，该学校学生在四月份没有家庭作业和考试，第二段第一句中的“The schoolJ s principal, Petronella Sirkka, who came up with the idea"，可知，这个学校的校长提出来了这个想法，并且“What' s more, if the results of the experiment prove encouraging, starting 2019, the middle schoolers will never have to worry about after school work or tests, aside from the national examinations, which are compulsive for students across the country. v (更重要的是,如果实验结 果令人鼓舞，从2019年开始，中学生将再也不用担忧放学后的作业或考试，除了全国各地的学生都被迫参 加的全国性考试。)可知正在进行这项试验，所以，Slurenskolan学校的学生们在四月份没有家庭作业和考 试是该校校长提出的想法，并进行试验，应选A。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句 "While in Ihe past sludenls were primarily subjected (o memorizing facts, learning today is all about reflection and analysis. As a result, it is often harder for kids, especially those with little support at home, to comprehend the material by themselves. ”可知,在过去,学生主要是被要求记住事实,而 如今学生需要的是反思和分析。因此，孩子们往往很难自己理解这些材料。据此可知，反思和分析让孩子 们的学习更加困难。应选A。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段尾句 4<They hope parents will spend the extra time reading to their kids.,f 意思为,他 们希望父母花一些额外的时间为孩子阅读，可推知，Petronella Sirkka很可能会建议父母花些时间为他们的 孩子们阅读，应选C。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据尾段第一句中的"the experiment has already proved successful in Finland which has done away with homework, grades, and even teaching by subjects for many years "可知，多年来，芬兰已经取消 了 家庭作 业、成绩等级，甚至科目教学。据此可推知，芬兰学生的学校生活更加轻松，应选B。义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关 蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为"爬行”。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解 乂有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根，前缀，后缀，合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解 决了。1 .根据前缀猜想词义.根据后缀猜想词义2 .根据复合词的各局部猜想词义二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能 是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案.怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们 可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.假设短文由假设干段组成，除 仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章 的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时， 要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观 全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它 表达的意思比拟概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或开展主题句所 表达的思想的。【热点话题】说明文热史话题有：科普类，环保类。【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）A（合肥六中2020届高三冲刺最后一卷）话题：文章主要说明了新加坡和越南的工程师们决定把所有的垃圾变成难度：建议用时：6分有用的东西。When life gives you pineapplesand hundreds of millions of tons of pineapple wastewhat do you do? Engineers in Singapore and Vietnam decided lo turn all the waste into something usefulthe heat barrier for their pineapple juice. Not only does their new material keep drinks cool better than many commercial coolers, but it could also offer a final resting place for the world's pineapple waste.To find a use for those leftovers, the researchers mixed pineapple fibers, which they cut up in an electric device, with a sticky agent as a solvent. They then treated the mix with sound waves at frequencies greater than 20 kHz and heated it in an oven at 80 for 2 hours. The suspension that formed was then cooled before being freeze-dried.The result was a pale yellow aerogel （气凝胶）that is lightweight, flexible, and more than 96% porous （多孔 的）一qualities that make it an ideal material against both heat