河北衡水高三英语新高考语法学习笔记（19）主谓一致与副词知识点概要公开课.docx

52基本规那么淅水第一中图Henasln NOA High fchwl河北衡水高三英语新高考语法学习笔记(19)主谓一致与副词知识点概要主谓一致主谓一致：即指谓语动词人称和数上要和主语一致。(1)在一般现在时中，假设主语是单数第三人称，谓语动词要加-s或-es ,具体变化同名词的单数变复数。假设主语是单数第一、第二人称或复数，那么谓语动词用原形，不需 要加-s或-es。(2)在助动词或情态动词后面，直接接动词原形(3 ) There be句型须主谓一致There be句型是倒装结构，因此谓语动词的单复数要与be动词后面的名词一致。副词第一节 副词的种类与位置(概述)54副词的种类根据副词的词义，我们可以把副词做如下分类：假设句中的谓语动词由多个局部组成，比方：Will be done , should have done等，这时副词一般要放在第一个助动词之后You should never have trusted him.你永远都不应该相信他。在加强语气的句子中，我们一般是把副词放在第一个助动词之 前或be动词之前As a teacher, you should always be patient with students.I always have been patient.在只有助动词而省去了实义动词的句子中，副词一定要放在这 个助动词之前。You should have known better than to trust him.你早就应该知道他这个人靠不住。I never will.（省去了 trust him ）我今后再也不会相信他了。Can you find a place to park your car in the street?一Yes, I usually can.副词也要用在省略了表语的be动词之前。I hear that his American girlfriend used to be his English teacher.我听说他的美国女友曾是他的英语老师。No, she never was.不，她从来不曾是。2）表示确切频率的副词一般只能用于句末Milk is delivered daily.牛奶每天都送来。3）上述表示不确切频率的副词，有些也可以用于句首或句末例如：Often/Sometimes/Usually I work late into the night.often 一般不单独放在句末，而须加very或quite修饰。例如:a. He comes late for school quite often.b. Often he comes late for school.c. He often comes late for school.4 ） always可在句末，但不能放在句首,除非用在祈使句中。 例如：You always make the same mistakes.Always remember not to argue with your boss.5）在否认句中的频度副词在否认句中，有的频度副词位于not之前，有的频度副词位于 not之后。这主要是从意思上来判断。一般来说，always要放 在 not 之后（not always ）;而 often , sometimes f usually 要放在not之前He doesn't always leave before 6 o'clock, sometimes he works until 8 o'clock.（不总是）His wife complains that he sometimes doesn't listen to her.（有时不）The history lectures sometimes aren't interesting.6 )否认频度副词never , rarely , seldom有两点须注意：不能再与否认词not连用一般只用在句中。假设放在句首，那么句子要用局部倒装Never have I heard such a story.59程度副词表示动作发生的大小和程度，绝大多数程度副词是用来修饰形容词、 副词或动词的。有些还可以修饰名词。(1 )程度副词的种类absolutely almost completely表示否认：barely scarcely hardly(2 )程度副词在句中的位置放在它所修饰的词之前1 )一般直接放在所修饰的对象之前修饰形容词You are absolutely wrong.你绝对错了。修饰动词You can hardly expect her to be kind to you.你很难指望她对你好。修饰副词He speaks English quite well.I saw only him at the party last night. (I didn't see any other friends.)昨晚在晚会上，我只看到他在场。(其他朋友没有来)I saw him only at the party last night. (I didn't see him at other places.)我昨晚只是在晚会上看到他了。(没有在其他地方看到)2 ) enough的特殊用法enough是个例外，它要放在所修饰的形容词或副词之后He is not old enough to go to school.他还没到上学的年龄。3 ) barely, scarcely, hardly不能与否认词连用Because of his hearing loss, he scarcely hears me when I speak.(3)可修饰名词的程度副词这样的程度副词主要有：quite only even particularly especially almost ratherquite some time相当长的时间 rather a bore相当令人讨厌的人quite要置于a/an之前，rather可用在a/an前面或后面quite a nice day 天气不错 不说:a quite nice day*rather a long way/a rather long wayVegetables, especially spinach(菠菜)z are good for health.He is almost a child.他差不多还是个孩子。I can speak only English.60方式副词表示动作行为的方式。方式副词一般只修饰动词，是动词专用的(1 )方式副词的种类方式副词在数目上是不固定的，因为它可以由相应的形容词加-ly构成bravely calmly fast happily hard well intentionally(2 )方式副词在句中的位置方式副词主要是用来修饰动词的，它的位置通常在动词后边。1 )在"动词+介词+宾语”结构里，方式副词可用于宾语后或介词前The class is listening to the teacher carefully.The class is listening carefully to the teacher.2)方式副词要放在被动分词之前I was badly paid in that company after I had just graduated.我刚毕业时在那个公司薪水很低。When do you think you will have completely finished?61句子副词这样的副词通常放在句首，用来修饰整个句子，而非句子中的谓语 动词。通常表达说话人的观点或说话的角度。(1 )说明说话的角度Scientifically, the experiment was a success.从科学角度来说，这个实验成功了。(2)表达说话人的态度Frankly, I think he is dishonest.老实说，我觉得他这人不够老实。句子副词大多数情况下放在句首，不过放在句中也不少见。但很 少放在句末。I am basically an optimistic person.我基本上是个乐观的人。I don't normally come to work on weekends.正常的情况下，我周末不上班。62副词的其他位置(1 )几个副词出现在句末时，一般采用如下顺序：方式副词+ 地点副词+时间副词。She sang an English song nicely in the auditorium last night.She checked the accounts carefully in the office this morning.(2 )确定性副词和不确定性副词，如：probably , possibly , perhaps , certainly , definitely , surely 等，通常不用于句末, 而是用于句首和句中He has probably not been there before.I definitely know how to deal with this matter.其中,perhaps和surely多用于句首。(1)时间副词(2)地点副词地点副词分为指方向的地点副词和指位置的地点副词downfrominonoverout ofroundawayupheretheresomewhereanywherenowhereeverywhere(3)频度副词(4)程度副词quiteratherreallyscarcelysotoovery(5)方式副词表示动作行为的方式。这类副词并不像其他副词那样数目较为固定, 方式副词在数目上是不固定的，因为它可以由相应的形容词加“y 构成。bravelycalmlyfasthappilyhardwellintentionally(6 )句子副词这样的副词用来修饰整个句子，而非句子中的谓语动词。actually apparently certainly clearly evidentlyBasically I am an optimistic person.55副词在句中的位置（概述）一般来说，副词在句中的位置有三种：句中、句末和句首。例如：a. I have never been there before.（放在句中的时间副词）b. He went away quickly.（放在句末的方式副词）c. Yesterday I met her in the park.（放在句首的时间副词）但是，并不是所有的副词都可以放在句中这三个位置。有的副词不能放在句首，有的不能放在句末，有的既可以放在句首，也可以放在句末副词的这种复杂的位置关系主要取决于副词本身的种类。副词在句中确实切位置，还与句中的动词形式有关。总之，副词在句中的位置较为复杂且灵活多变。第二节副词在句中的位置56时间副词表示动作发生的时间。（1 ）时间副词的种类1）表示确切时间的副词yesterday today now tomorrow2）表示不确切时间的副词already recently lately3）表示时间的副词短语this morninglast night（2）时间副词在句中的位置1 ）表示确切时间的副词和表示时间的短语一般不能用于句中，它 们可用于句首或句末。用在句末更常见（尤其是在祈使句中只能用 于句末）O可以说：I'm leaving for Beijing on a businesstrip tomorrow.不说:fm tomorrow leaving for Beijing on a business trip/Come to my office this afternoon.不说：Come this afternoon to my office/2 ）表示不确切的时间副词可用于句首、句中或句末。a. I've recently been busy.b. Recently I have been busy.c. I have been busy recently.3 ） before, early, immediately, late 通常位于句末。a. I have never heard such a story before.b. He came to school late.总体来看：1）时间副词一般可用在句首，也可用在句末。而通常我们把时 间副词放在句末较为保险。2）能用于句中的时间副词不多。3）在祈使句中时间副词只能用于句末。57地点副词表示动作发生的地点或方位。（1 ）地点副词的种类1)表示方向的地点副词away down in off on over out round up2）表示位置的地点副词 here there somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere(2)地点副词在句中的位置1 )方向地点副词一般用于“位置地点副词/介词短语”之前 例如:He often walks around in the garden after supper.2）两个表示位置的介词短语连用时，较大的地点位于句末例如：He works in a foreign-funded company in Beijing.3 ）方向地点副词 away ,down ,in ,off ,on ,over ,out ,round , up ,还有here , there可以用于倒装结构而放在句首。这时可以 有两种倒装结构：副词+动态动词+名词主语Down came the rain.下起雨来了。副词+代词主语+动态动词Away they went.他们离开了。Here he comes.他来了。4 ）与上面的倒装结构类似，down , from , in , on , over , out of , round , up等用作介词时,引导的表示地点的介词短语用在 句首，句子采用全部倒装结构（介词短语+动词+主语）Down the street stand a lot of shops.这条街道商店林立。On the ground lies a man whose legs are broken.总的来说，地点副词在句中有两种位置：1）一般位于句末 2）对于一些特定的副词和副词短语，可用于倒装结构而置于句首。58频度副词表示动作发生的频率或次数。(1)频度副词的种类1)表示确切频率的副词或短语 daily weekly monthly2)表示不确切频率的副词表示肯定：always often表示否认：never rarely seldom(2 )频度副词在句中的位置 1)表示不确切频率的副词通常是用在句中的。而其在句中确实切位置，还与句中的动词形式有关。具体来说有以下几种情况：用在实义动词之前，be ( am , is , are f was , were )动词和助动词(will , should f have )之后I often do some shopping on weekends.I have never seen him since we parted.