上外英语专业考研完形填空题目精选.docx

上外英语专业考研完形填空题目精选TEXT 1(beside under aside character over distort slay suppose scrub sit separate home demonstrate tip genetic commencement accurate periodically expose address flicker investigate stand sample flaws meanwhile coincide puncture prosecution outline)An attractive American student on trial for murder can count on support 6,000 miles away in her native Seattle. There, one of Amanda Knox's most vocal backers is attorney Anne Bremner, who has offered her counsel pro bono to the accused*s family and is a spokeswoman for Friends of Amanda. On Friday, she sat down with TIME to go over the case against Knox, who took the witness (1)on Friday in her murder trial.Video footage from the crime scene of British student Meredith Kerchefs murder (2)on a laptop screen as Bremner points out what she deems critical (3)in the collection of evidence. After placing rulers on the sides of a bloody shoeprint, for example, a blue-rubber-gloved hand reaches down with a piece of white cloth and (4)the bloody mark off the tile floor before putting the cloth into an evidence tube. This happens three times for three (5)footprints. In film footage taken at least a day later, another team of investigators attempts, using photographs, to place where the footprints had been. "They should have lifted the tile," Bremner says, shaking her head.In what is surely a well-rehearsed (6)by now, Bremner goes on to (7)the case against Knox, point by point. The (8), she says, is most likely relying on a knife found at the house of Knox*s then boyfriend and fellow accused Rafaelle Sollecito. That knife has Knox's DNA on the handle and what some forensic scientists say is Kerchefs DNA on the (9). But Bremner dismisses the idea that it is the knife that killed Kercher: "They never found the murder weapon.n Bremner claims that a bloody print on the bed linens conveys the shape of the actual murder weapon and that the knife in question "doesn't match an (10)of the knife on the bed." Additionally, Bremner says, expert testimony has already indicated that at least two of the wounds on Kerchefs neck couldn't have been made by that particular blade. That (11), she points out, it's not surprising that Knox*s DNA would be on its handle; she prepared dinner with Sollecito in his apartment.As to whether the DNA on the tip belongs to Kercher, experts disagree. Patrizia Stefanoni, a police forensics expert who testified in the pretrial hearing in May, suggested that it was Kerchefs DNA on the tip of the knife-and that the way the (12)material was positioned indicated the knife had probably been used to (13) the skin. But other experts who have analyzed the DNA evidence for the defense suggest that poor sample quality and possible contamination undermine the (14)of these results.Contamination was also likely with the DNA found on Kercher's bra clasp, Bremner says, pointing out that the clasp wasn't collected until more than two months after the murder and that throughout film footage of the crime scene investigation it (15)changes location - suggesting it was picked up and moved several times.Bremner goes on to criticize the (16)assassination the media have directed at Knox since the beginning of the trial, which she believes gives the defense an uphill battle in front of a jury that is unsequestered and of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes' saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the testswere introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably at staying healthy.E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by a Competition model1, based on what they expect will be the winning times. 'Youdesign the model to make that time/ says Mason. *A start of this much,free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.' All the training is then towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have Australia into arguably the world's most successful sporting nation.F Of course, there*s nothing to stop other countries- and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists* and rowers* times. Now everyone uses them. The same has to the'altitude tent1, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia's success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.8. Greying Population Stays in the Pink 老夫聊发少年狂 (reflect, retain, target, finances, beat, expect, massive, smaller, lifestyle, subtle, activity, underestimate, link, addition, cover, attention, associate, complain, deterioate, downside, drawback, afflict, suggest, acclerate, expose, age, improve, striking, accept, function)Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases with old age are fewerand fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and ofmore than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major medical in this age group - aretroubling a proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.It really raises the question of what should be considered normal : says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors as normal in a65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors.in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say theresearchers. These may be influences,* says Manton, *but our subjects have been to worse andworse pollution for over 60 years. It's not surprising we see some effect.,One interesting correlation Manton is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example,65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a trend. Almost 80%of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued,researchers calculate there would be an one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States governments Medicare system more than $200 billion,that the greying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably to a massive increase in the use ofsimple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to a sense of independence were more likely tostay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily activity may help mental , says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain- derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stresshormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been to heart disease.But independence can have. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep, seeman The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense, says Seeman. They also show that we may be the impact of these simple factors. nThe sort of thing that your grandmother always told youturns out to be right on J she says.9. Numeration(conviction arithmetic grasp memorised number count sequence feat diverse distinct readily reflect imagination perform attachment convenience formation set reference exist register against numerate hindrance qualify interchangable instead gesture thought trace)One of the first great intellectual of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learninghow to. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the that, rather than being a facility that comesnaturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliestof tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers;their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they neededan idea of number simply to keep their in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals,the need for a sophisticated number system becameparamount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi- permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with thesimpler aspects of human.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothicword for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted ashund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple to a group of particular objects. It must havebeen within the of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are from two birds; however, itis not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great tothe development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be in the mind as a specific word,independent of the object being, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct of wordsfor numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This of number names can also be found in some widely used languages suchas Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items beingcounted a group of pebbles, grains of com, or the counter's fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today*s society due to their. All counting ultimately involves reference to so