名词与主谓一致(5页).doc
-名词与主谓一致-第 5 页专题七 名词与主谓一致一、考情分析 近年来对名词的考查主要集中在名词词义辨析及并列主语的主谓一致上,其次是名词所有格、抽象名词和物质名词的具体化以及不定数量的词或词组与名词的搭配关系上。 考查考生在理解题干内容的基础上对词汇或语法知识的掌握情况,加重对语境理解及语言知识相融合的考查。二、名词的数 英语中大多数可数名词都可以通过加-s或 es的方法变为复数名词。不可数名词( 抽象或物质)没有复数形式,专有名词一般只有单数形式,只有少数专有名词才有复数形式。(一)规则变化 情况 方法 例词一般情况加-sbook, paper 以s,x,ch,sh 结尾加-es dish, glass ,watch 以“辅音+y”结尾变y为i加-esfamily, baby, army 大部分以f或fe结尾的词去掉f或fe加-ves half, life, knife但是roofs, gulfs, proofs,chiefs, beliefs 除外(二)一些特殊情况1. 合成名词变为复数时,通常把主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,将最后一部分变为复数。如:Sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers,housewives等2. family, team, class, group, government, crowd, audience等作主语时,如果作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数,如果看成成员,谓语动词用复数。 某些集体名词,如people, polic, youth, cattle等及clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses 作主语时,谓语用复数。若这类名词与a pair of 等词连用时,谓语动词往往用单数。3. 单、复数同形的名词如means(方法)作主语时,应根据意义决定谓语动词的单复数。4. 有些名词呈现了复数形式,如news,manners, politics, physics 等但并不表示复数概念。5. 有些名词总是在使用时用其复数形式,如thanks, regards, congratulations, goods, works, tears, instructions, directions, respects 等。6. 有些短语要求用名词复数形式. 如 make friends with shake hands with take pains to do sth. make both ends meet (三)名词与表示数量的词或短语的搭配修饰可数名词few/a few, several, many, a good/great many, a number of, many a(an), hundreds ofthounsands of , dozens/ scores of 修饰不可数名词little/ a little, a great deal of, a large amount of /large amounts of既修饰可数又修饰不可数a lot/lots of, enough, plenty of , messes of, some/any, a quantity/quantities of 注意: “many a(an)+名词单数”表示复数意思,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。三、名词的所有格(一)s所有格 主要用于有生命的事物或自然界独一无二的某些空间或时间名词的所有格,如the worlds , the suns, the earths, todays, yestedays 等。表示无生命的东西,通常用of所有格。 用法 举例单数名词词尾加s;复数名词词尾没有时,也要加s复数名词以s结尾,只加“”在复合名词或短语中,s加在最后一个词的词尾不定代词后接else,所有格在else上注意:1. 如果两个名词并列,且分别有“s”,表示分别有;只有一个“s”,则表示共有。 2. 名词所有格中的名词省略(1)名词所有格所修饰的词,前面已经提到。This notebook is not mine, nor Johns, nor Peters.(2)名词所有格后面有指地点等的名词时。 the doctors ( office) , my uncles ( house )(3)起修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系,通常不用s room number, tooth brush(二)双重所有格双重所有格 构成和用法举例构成名词+of+名词所有格名词+of+名词性物主代词this watch of my fathers some students of mine 用法表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,突出局部。在所修饰的名词前往往有一个表示数量的词,如a, some, any,few等a friend of Toms any work of Zhang Yus 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩。一般所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词。如this, that, these,thoseI hated those words of Marys I like this bike of my brothers 四、主谓一致 主谓一致是指句子的主语与谓语在数上保持一致,应遵循以下三个原则: (1)语法一致:主语为单数,谓语用单数;主语为复数,谓语用复数。(2)意义一致:主语形式为单数,意义是复数,谓语用复数;主语形式为复数,意义为单数,谓语用单数。(3)就近一致:谓语的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。(一)并列主语的主谓一致 1. and 和 bothand 连接的两个名词作主语,表示不同的人或事物,其概念是复数,谓语用复数。2. and 连接的两个名词作主语,指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时,句子的谓语动词用单数;此时,后一个名词前不用冠词。The poet and writer (produce) many works.3. and 连接的并列主语是单数概念,前面有every,each等修饰词时,谓语动词用单数。但当each放在由and连接的并列单数主语后面,修饰复数概念的主语时,谓语动词用复数。 Each boy and each girl ( invite ) to the tea-party. The boy and the girl each ( have ) their own toys. 4. and连接两个what从句作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据意义一致的原则来确定 What he says and does do not agree. What he says and does does not concern me. 5. or,nor,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等连接的名词(代词)作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应依据就近一致的原则,与最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or he ( be ) to go. 6. 当主语后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides, including, in addition to 等连接的名词时,谓语动词的单复数与这类短语前的主语一致。 The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library. A woman with two children has come.(二)某些名词作主语的主谓一致 1. 某些集体名词,如family,public,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等作主语时,谓语的数要依据主语所表示的意义来决定。如果该名词表达的意义是一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;如表达的是集体中的个体(成员)时,谓语用复数。 Our family ( be ) a happy one. The family (be ) early risers. 2. 通常表示复数意义的集体名词,如people, police, cattle(牛),folk,youth, militia(民兵)等作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数;通常用作不可数名词的集体名词,如equipment,furniture 作主语,谓语动词用单数。 3. 单复数同形的名词,如means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese 等作主语,根据意义一致的原则。 Every possible means already ( try ), but in vain. All possible means already ( try ), but in vain.(三)表示数量的名词作主语的主谓一致 1. 当名词词组的中心词为表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词时,可根据意义一致的原则,将这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。 Five minutes (be ) enough to do this exercise. 2. few/a few, several, many, a good/great many, a number of()可数 little/ a little, a great deal of(不可数) a lot/lots of, enough, plenty of , messes of, some/any(可数或不可数)等,谓语动词与后面的名词的数保持一致。3. a large amount of /large amounts of(不可数名词),a quantity/quantities of(可数或不可数名词),这四个短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity/ amount的单复数。Large amouts of water already ( pollute).4. 分数/百分数+of+名词 作主语时,谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。5. kind作主语时的单复数(1)当kind放在of前面时,谓语动词的数要与kind保持一致。 This kind of books ( be) worth reading. All kinds of fruits ( be ) good for our health.(2)当kind放在of后面(口语中),谓语动词的数要与of前面的名词保持一致。 Men of this kind ( be ) dangerous.6. many a/ more than one +单数名词,尽管意义是复数,但谓语动词用单数。“more than +基数词+复数名词” 或“more+复数名词+than one”作主语时,谓语用复数。 More than one student already ( see) the film. More persons than one ( vote ) against him.五、名词的其他用法(一)转义名词 转义名词有两类:一是把抽象意义转化为具体意义,从而赋予其可数功能; 二是把具体意义的名词抽象化,从而赋予其不可数性。1.表示特征、状态、特点、情感、情绪等的抽象名词,如果仅仅表示“概念”,是不可数名词;但如果表示具体的人或事物,特别是前面出现形容词进行修饰时,就变成了可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a或 an。如:surprise,cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, worry, honour,experience, difficulty, youth, beauty, wonde, danger, interest, knowledge,help, joy ,fun等。 2. rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, cofee, tea, food, drink,ice, chalk, sugar等物质名词 用复数形式表示类别、数量(场数、次数、堆数)、范围或程度。3. shool, college, hospital, court, prison, bed, table, church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,但当突出与之有关的活动时,便失去了具体意义。go to school, at table, in prison, go to church, in hospital (二)名词作定语1. 名词作定语的意义和功能 名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容(类别、材料、时间)或职能(功能、用途);同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性。 gold watch golden watch silver coins silvery hair stone bridge stony heart heart trouble a hearty welcome peace talk peaceful construction 2. 名词作定语时的数名词作定语时通常要用单数形式。但是当man 或woman作定语时,man 或woman的单复数与后面名词保持一致。有些名词作定语时,必须用其复数形式。goods trains customs officer sports meeting (三)名词的特殊结构 in/by/with/on +( great/much ) +抽象名词 = ( very ) 副词 He told me in private that he wouldnt agree. He treated me with kindness. 六、易混名词的辨析1. scene, scenery, view 与sight 2. some time , sometime, sometimes 与 some times 3. accident, incident, event 4. chance, opportunity 5. reputation, fame 6. number, amount 7. price, cost, charge, expense 8. per cent, percent, percentage 9. habit, custom 10. aim, goal, purpose, object