工业设计外文文献翻译及原文(14页).doc

-The impact of “3r” principles to industrial designAbstractWhile industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resourcesBesides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beingsConfront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many peopleRecycling economy and its key point，“3r” principle，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufactureBy decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industrial design of “3r” principleFurthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at lastKey words3 R principle；industrial design；recycling economy；Redesign1 Introduction Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized： First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrial products enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion， to effectively stimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， but also enjoy the new technology and material； Third， it puts technology to link up with the market， making products enhance competitiveness； Last but not the least， it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore，the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction . However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What is more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design， utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans to abolish the system" without taking into account production， use， process waste， such as the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life， the industrial design objectively becomes essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to the essence of industrial designcreating a science and healthy way of life. Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20th century， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ， the principle of circular economy is “3r” (i.e. Reduce， Reuse， Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design， based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3r” principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts to explore the “3r” principles of industrial design at the extension.2 Cycle economic model and the principle of “3r”Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， which is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is  different between the resources and environment relationship. Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy， green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resources Human survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system； on the other hand， it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify， however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited. Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.  Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loop system， can maintain economic production of low， high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle “3r” principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle， and its specific contents are as follows： "Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy， that is the source of control method， which requires the source of economic activity - the design stage， pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials and conservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions； In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace， thus prolonging the service life of products； In the consumer area， to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products， such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste. "Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy， that is， terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product， put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design “3r” principle is not only on products from the design， production， sales， use， disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on the industrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes： 3.1 The impact of design concept In modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people， just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do not consider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept， put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place， the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design， from product design at the beginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment. So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human - machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the 20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model， the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people， then in the recycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design， sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. “3r” Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth， specific， practical significance. First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate； Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasant form of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation， definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify， optimize， and makes the core functions briefly products； Fourth， the product is intended to be simple and clear language； Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create； Sixth， the choice of degradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design method The impact of the “3r” principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are： modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-life design. Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis， and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design： First， make products with good performance Recycling demolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources； Second， it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhance the versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products， they can re-use or recycling； Third， improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product. Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials. The demolition of the design requirements， Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified type fasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting， bonding and other non-removable the connection； Second， in the selection and processing of raw materials， the demolition of the connection； to use and reuse of recyclable materials， the types of materials， such as less as possible. Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling， recovery treatment， recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions， thus saving materials and reducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following： First， improving product reliability and durability； Second， products are easy to repair and maintenance； Third，using standard， modular product structure3.4 The impact of design material “3r” principle in guidance and norms， product design， material selection should be taken into consideration： First of all， minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products； the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big， look for the corresponding sound material substitution； Reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly， the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material， after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material， preferred low power， low cost， low-polluting materials， preferred easy processing， and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials， preferred materials recycling. Finally， to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials； maintain original material， as far as possible the use of simple materials， the use of alloy materials， to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment； Marked parts Products material composition for the materials to