定语从句句型结构(10页).doc

-定语从句句型结构-第 9 页Sentence Structure 句型结构 句型-按照英语中的动词的类型(五种，即：不及物动词、系动词、单宾动词、双宾动词和复合动词)可以把英语句型划分为五种基本的句型。一、 1.主语+不及物动词 (SV句型)=主谓结构：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。 如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 谓语可有修饰语-状语。 They had to travel by air or boat.2.主语+系动词+主补(SVC句型）=主系表结构：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。 系动词有: 1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; eg:Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still. She is in good health. 3.主语 + 动词 + 宾语 (SVO句型) =主谓宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。如：1. Tom has made a mistake. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 4.主语 + 双宾动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO句型) =双宾语结构：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如:介词to或for. He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有：(需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等(需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。 5.主语 + 复合动词 + 宾语 + 宾补(SVOC句型)复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。 如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on. My mother asked me to clean my room. The teacher made all students finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式宾语，即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 6.There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是全倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导 词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如:There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如 :there is/are there was/were there will be there is /are going to be. there has/have been there might be there must be there used to be there happen/happens/happened to be 二1.并列句。并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起构成，一般由并列连词、连接副词或逗号、分号、冒号等将各分句连接起来。 1.由分号连接。 eg. Lets start early; we have a long way to go. and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise/for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/ or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。 eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do. Both my father and mother are teachers. Its very good, yet I dont like it.She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working.  2.复合句 构成：由一个逐句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。 分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从 句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。 主语从句-定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有三类：（1）从属连词that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.（2）从属连词whether.如：Whether hell come here isn。（3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；连接副词 where，when，how，why.如： What she did is not yet known. How this happened is not clear to anyone. Whoever comes is welcome.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A.It+be+形容词（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.B.It+be+名词词组（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that从句。如：Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. C.It+be+过去分词（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that从句。如：It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.D.It+seem，appear, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.E.It+doesnt matter（makes no difference，etc.）+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 2.注意连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever等引导主语从句的含义。 Whoever comes will be welcome. Whatever he did was right. Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.宾语从句：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。构成：关联词+简单句。引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：（1）从属连词that.如：He told us that he felt ill.注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。）2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。）3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。）4.We decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。）（2）从属连词if/whether.如：I doubt whether he will succeed.I dont know if you can help me. （3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；连接副词 where，when，how，why.如：I wonder what hes writing to me about. Ill tell you why I asked you to come. You may do what you will.（4）介词宾语从句-宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.有时介词可以省略。如：I dont care （for）who marries him.连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.You may rely on it that I shall help you.介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done？某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.Im afraid you dont understand what I said.4.连词whether （or not）或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter.试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.宾语从句的否定转移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I dont think you are right. I dont believe they have finished their work yet. I dont suppose he cares，does he？表语从句：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。（1）从属连词that.如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. （2）从属连词whether，as，as if.如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago，but its as if it was only yesterday.能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be，seem，look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. （3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever;连接副词 where，when，how，why.如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 同位语从句：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词多为fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，关联词多用从属连词that.如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 连接代词who，which，what和连接副词where，when，why，how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.定语从句:就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词(that.which,who, whom, whose)或关系副词(when,where, why)引导的，故又称作关系从句。who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如： Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? （二）关系代词which的用法which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.(which可以换成that）三、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：the time whenthe place wherethe reason why（一）关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如：I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.（when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替）关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。例如：During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. （where的先行词是town）关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如：The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.状语从句:状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。1.时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble 2 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that,  My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5 结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7 让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9 方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，是定语从句语法学习的重点和难点。这是一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间存在一种介宾关系。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词定语时，把介词置于关系代词前，即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型。例如：The man whomwhothat you should write to is Mr. White. (whom 作to 的宾语，to在谓语动词之后)=The man to whom you should write is Mr. Write. (介词to置于whom前，whom 作宾语)你该给他写信的那个人是怀特先生 一、当先行词指人时，用“介词+whom”句型注意：此时不用who或that。 (1)The person to whom I lent my bicycle is Mr. Ball. （whom不能省略，也不用who 或that）(2)The girl with whom my sister visited the Great Wall has just come back from London. 二、先行词指物时，用“介词+which”句型注意：先行词指物时，不能用关系代词that直接跟在介词后作宾语。例如：1.The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bike. （which不能改为that）2.The house to which he took us was very old. （which不能改为that）三、介词的选择和运用是重中之重1.根据介词与先行词的搭配习惯确定介词。先行词不同，与之习惯搭配的介词也不同。例如：(1)Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? (2)Do you still remember the days during which we worked together? 2.根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配习惯确定介词。动词不同，要求与之搭配的介词不同，动词与不同介词的搭配所表达的意义也大相径庭。例如：(1)He lost the book in which he kept many telephone numbers. (2)I dont know the person to whom you talked just now. “介词+关系代词”结构在定语从句中的作用与含义而确定介词。例如：(1)The plane by which my father went to Shanghai was late. (2)The plane on which my father worked was very large. (此处on which=on the plane表地点)注意下面几点特殊情况：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane inby which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.4：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born. . “介词+关系代词”型定语从句五大考点“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是英语语法中的难点和重点, 近年来高考对这一语法结构的考查大有升温之势。为便于同学们学习掌握，笔者扼要地对它的几种考查热点进行了归纳和解析，希望同学们能举一反三，加以掌握并运用考点1 简单介词+关系代词知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom, 指物时只能用which；介词选择的依据主要是根据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定； 或者以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定，并且含有介词的短语动词不能拆开，介词仍然放在动词之后。考点2 复杂介词+关系代词 知识归纳： 用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。常用于该结构的复杂介词有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。例如：We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.Is there a certain test by means of which the No. 1 will be decided？考点3 简单介词+关系代词+名词 知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词有which, whose。介词的选择取决于关系代词后的名词及整个句子的含义。 考点4 the+ 名词+of+关系代词 知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词只有which。该结构表示所有关系, 口语中常用“whose + 名词”代替。非正式文体中可以用“of which the +名词”。 考点5 表示部分的词语of关系代词 知识归纳：此时，指人的关系代词只能是whom, 指物的关系代词只能是which。表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词all, both, none, neither, either, some, any, 数词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数)；数词+名词；the +最高级/比较级，以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter。在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。 定语从句还叫做嵌入句，因形容词定语，所以又称之为形容词性从句。