尚学堂马士兵oracle笔记53节完整版.doc
尚学堂马士兵oracle笔记53节完整版尚学堂马士兵老师oracle笔记 (2008-10-30 10:17:39) 第一课:客户端 1. Sql Plus(客户端),命令行直接输入:sqlplus,然后按提示输入用户名,密码。 2. 从开始程序运行:sqlplus,是图形版的sqlplus. 3. http:/localhost:5560/isqlplus Toad:管理, PlSql Developer:第二课:更改用户 1. sqlplus sys/密码 as sysdba 2. alter user scott account unlock;(解锁账号)第三课:table structure (系统自带的表有emp、salgrade、dept、bonus、dual) 1. 描述某一张表:desc 表名 2. select * from 表名第四课:select 语句: 1.计算数据可以用空表:比如:.select 2*3 from dual 2.select ename,sal*12 annual_sal from emp;与select ename,sal*12 "annual sal" from emp;区别:加双引号保持原大小写,不加全变大写。任何含有空值的数学表达式结果都为空值。 3. select ename | abcd | 用来连接两个字符串如果连接字符串中含有单引号,用两个单引号代替一个单引号。第五课:distinct select deptno from emp; select distinct deptno from emp; select distinct deptno ,job from emp 去掉deptno,job两者组合的重复。更多的项,就是这么多项的组合的不重复组合。第六课:Where select * from emp where deptno =10; select * from emp where deptno <>10;不等于10 select * from emp where ename ='bike' select ename,sal from emp where sal between 800 and 1500 (>=800 and <=1500) 空值处理: select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is (not) null; select ename,sal,comm from emp where ename ( not)in ('smith','king','abc');模糊查询 like :%代表任意数量的任意字符_代表一个任意字符 select ename from emp where ename like '_A%'如果要查询含有%的,要用转义字符 转义字符可以自定义: escape '自定义的转义字符'比如:select ename from emp where ename like '%$a%' escape '$'第七课: order by select * from dept;默认按升序(asc)排列,要按降序(desc)用如下语句: select * from dept order by dept desc; select ename,sal,deptno from emp order by deptno asc,ename desc;第八课: sql function1: select ename,sal*12 annual_sal from emp where ename not like '_A%' and sal>800 order by sal desc; select lower(ename) from emp; select ename from emp where lower(ename) like '_a%'等同于 select ename from emp where ename like '_a%' or ename like '_A%' select substr(ename,2,3) from emp;从第二个字符开始截,一共截三个字符. select chr(65) from dual 结果为:A select ascii('a') from dual 结果为:65 select round(23.652,1) from dual; 结果为: 23.7(第二个参数为指定四舍五入到哪位数) select round(23.652,-1) from dual; 20 select to_char(sal,'$99,999,999') from emp;(用9就可以在没有数字的地方不显示,如果用0的话一定会用0填充满) select to_char(sal,'L99_999_999') from emp; L:代表本地符号 这个需要掌握牢: select hiredate from emp; 显示为: BIRTHDATE - 17-12月-80 - 改为: select to_char(hiredate,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') from emp; 显示: BIRTHDATE - 1980-12-17 12:00:00 - select to_char(sysdate,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') from dual; /也可以改为:HH12 TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY - 2007-02-25 14:46:14 to_date函数: select ename,hiredate from emp where hiredate > to_date('1981-2-20 12:34:56','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'); 如果直接写 birthdate>'1981-2-20 12:34:56'会出现格式不匹配,因为表中的格式为: DD-MM月-YY. select sal from emp where sal>888.88 无错.但 select sal from emp where sal>$1,250,00; 会出现无效字符错误. 改为: select sal from emp where sal>to_number('$1.250.00','$9,999,99'); 把空值改为0 select ename,sal*12+nvl(comm,0) from emp; 作用:把comm为空的地方用0代替,这样可以防止comm为空时,sal*12相加也为空的情况.第九课: Group function 组函数(即从多行中得到一个输出)牢记组函数:max(), min(), avg(), sum(), count() select to_char(avg(sal),'99999999,99') from emp; select round(avg(sal),2) from emp; 结果:2073.21 select count(*) from emp where deptno=10; select count(ename) from emp where deptno=10; count某个字段,如果这个字段不为空就算一个. select count(distinct deptno) from emp; select sum(sal) from emp;第十课: Group by语句注意:count() 是计数不是空值的数量 需求:现在想求每个部门的平均薪水. select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno; select deptno, avg(sal) from emp group by deptno; select deptno,job,max(sal) from emp group by deptno,job; 求薪水值最高的人的名字. select ename,max(sal) from emp;出错,因为max只有一个值,但等于max值的人可能好几个,不能匹配. 应如下求: select ename from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp); Group by语句应注意, 出现在select中的字段,如果没出现在组函数中,必须出现在Group by语句中. 第十一课: Having 对分组结果筛选 Where是对单条纪录进行筛选,Having是对分组结果进行筛选. select avg(sal),deptno from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>2000; 查询工资大于1200雇员,按部门编号进行分组,分组后平均薪水大于1500,按工薪倒充排列. select avg(sal) from emp where sal>1200 group by deptno having avg(sal)>1500 order by avg(sal) desc; 第十二课:子查询 谁挣的钱最多(谁:这个人的名字, 钱最多) select 语句中嵌套select 语句,可以在where,from后. 问那些人工资,在平均工资之上. select ename,sal from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp); 查找每个部门挣钱最多的那个人的名字. select ename ,deptno from emp where sal in (select max(sal) from ename group by deptno) 查询会多值. 应该如下: 把select max(sal),deptno from emp group by deptno;当成一个表.语句如下: select ename, sal from emp join(select max(sal) max_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) t on (emp.sal=t.max_sal and emp.deptno=t.deptno); 每个部门的平均薪水的等级. 分析:首先求平均薪水(当成表),把平均薪水和另外一张表连接. 第十四课:self_table_connection 把某个人的名字以和他的经理人的名字求出来(经理人和这个人在表中同处一行) 分析:首先求出这个人的名字,取他的编号,然后从另一张表与其相对应编号,然后找到经理的名字. select e1.ename ,e2.ename from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.mgr= e2.empno. empno编号和MGR都是编号.第十15课: SQL1999_table_connections select ename, dname,grade from emp e,dept d, salgrade swhere e.deptno = d.deptno and e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal andjob <> 'CLERK' 有没有办法把过滤条件和连接条件分开来? 出于这样考虑,Sql1999标准推出来了.有许多人用的还是 旧的语法,所以得看懂这种语句. select ename,dname from emp,dept;(旧标准). select ename,dname from emp cross join dept;(1999标准) select ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno (旧) select ename,dname from emp join dept on(emp.deptno = dept.deptno); 1999标准.没有Where语句. select ename,dname from emp join dept using(deptno);等同上句,但不推荐使用. select ename,grade from emp e join salgrade s on(e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal); join 连接语句, on过滤条件。连接,条件一眼分开。如果用Where语句较长时,连接语句和过滤语句混在一起。 三张表连接: slect ename,dname, grade from emp e join dept d on(e.deptno=d.deptno) join salgrade s on(e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal) where ename not like '_A%' 把每张表连接 条件不混在一起,然后数据过滤条件全部区分开来。读起来更清晰,更容易懂一点。 select e1.ename,e2.ename from emp e1 join emp e2 on(e1.mgr = e2.emptno); 左外连接:会把左边这张表多余数据显示出来。 select e1.ename,e2,ename from emp e1 left join emp e2 on(e1.mgr =e2.empno);left 后可加outer 右外连接:把右边这张表多余数据显示出来。 select ename,dname from emp e right outer join dept d on(e.deptno =d.deptno); outer可以取掉。 全外连接: 即把左边多余数据,也把右边多余数据拿出来, select ename,dname from emp e full join dept d on(e.deptno =d.deptno);PS:所谓的“外”连接,即把多余的数据显示出来。Outer关键字可以省略16-23 求部门中哪些人的薪水最高:select ename, sal from empjoin (select max(sal) max_sal, deptno from emp group by deptno) ton (emp.sal = t.max_sal and emp.deptno = t.deptno) A.求部门平均薪水的等级。 select deptno,avg_sal,grade from (select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal) B. 求部门平均薪水的等级 select deptno, avg(grade) from(select deptno, ename, grade from emp join salgrade s on(emp.sal between s.losal and s.hisal) tgroup by deptno C.那些人是经理 select ename from emp where empno in(select mgr from emp); 更高效率的写法:select ename from emp where empno in(select distinct mgr from emp); D.不准用组函数,求薪水的最高值(面试题) select distinct sal from emp where sal not in( select distinct e1.sal from emp e1 join emp e2 on (e1.sal<e2.sal); E.平均薪水最高的部门编号 select deptno,avg_sal from (select avg(sal)avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) where avg_sal= (select max(avg_sal)from (select avg(sal) avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) ) F.平均薪水最高的部门名称 select dname from dept where deptno= ( select deptno from (select avg(sal)avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) where avg_sal= (select max(avg_sal)from (select avg(sal) avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) ) ) 组函数嵌套 如:平均薪水最高的部门编号,可以用更简单的方法如下: select deptno,avg_sal from (select avg(sal) avg_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) where avg_sal = (select max(avg(sal) from emp group by deptno) 组函数最多嵌套两层 G.求平均薪水的等级最低的部门的部门名称 分析: 首先求 1.平均薪水: select avg(sal) from group by deptno; 2.平均薪水等级: 把平均薪水当做一张表,需要和另外一张表连接salgrade select deptno,grade, avg_sal from ( select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal) 上面结果又可当成一张表。 DEPTNO GRADE AVG_SAL - - - 30 3 1566.66667 20 4 2175 10 4 2916.66667 3.求上表平均等级最低值 select min(grade) from ( select deptno,grade,avg_sal from (select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisa) ) 4.把最低值对应的2结果的那张表的对应那张表的deptno, 然后把2对应的表和另外一张表做连接。 select dname ,t1.deptno,grade,avg_sal from(select deptno,grade,avg_sal from (select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal) ) t1join dept on (t1.deptno = dept.deptno)where t1.grade =(select min(grade) from ( select deptno,grade,avg_sal from (select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal) 结果如下: DNAME DEPTNO GRADE AVG_SAL - - - - SALES 30 3 1566.6667 H: 视图(视图就是一张表,一个子查询) G中语句有重复,可以用视图来简化。【默认scott账户没有创建视图的权限,可通过如下语句授权: 首先登陆超级管理员:conn sys/bjsxt as sysdba; 授权:grant create table,create view to scott; 再以scott账户登陆:conn scott/tiger】 创建视图: create view v$_dept_avg-sal_info as select deptno,grade,avg_sal from ( select deptno,avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno)t join salgrade s on 9t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal) 然后G中查询可以简化成: select dname,t1.deptno,grade,avg_sal from v$_dept_avg-sal_info t1 join dept on (t1.deptno =dept.deptno) where t1.grade = (select min(grade) from v$_dept_avg-sal_info t1)24、-求比普通员工最高薪水还要高的经理人的名称 - select ename, sal from emp where empno in (select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null) and sal > ( select max(sal) from emp where empno not in (select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null)25、-面试题:比较效率(理论上前一句效率高,但实际上可能Oracle可能会自动对代码优化,所以不见得后一句就会慢)select * from emp where deptno = 10 and ename like '%A%' /效率高,因为将过滤力度大的放在前面 select * from emp where ename like '%A% and deptno = 10;-以上为select 语句的内容-创建新用户-1、backup scott/备份exp/导出2、create usercreate user guohailong identified(认证) by guohailong default tablespace users quota(配额) 10M on usersgrant create session(给它登录到服务器的权限),create table, create view to guohailong3、import dataImp25、-取消操作-rollback-事务确认语句-commit;/此时再执行rollback无效当正常断开连接的时候例如exit,事务自动提交。 当非正常断开连接,例如直接关闭dos窗口或关机,事务自动提交-表的备份 create table dept2 as select * from dept;-插入数据 insert into dept2 values(50,'game','beijing'); -只对某个字段插入数据insert into dept2(deptno,dname) values(60,'game2');-将一个表中的数据完全插入另一个表中(表结构必须一样)insert into dept2 select * from dept;-求前五名员工的编号和名称(使用伪字段rownum 只能使用 < 或 = 要使用 > 必须使用子查询)select empno,ename from emp where rownum <= 5;-求10名雇员以后的雇员名称-select ename from (select rownum r,ename from emp) where r > 10;-求薪水最高的前5个人的薪水和名字-select ename, sal from (select ename, sal from emp order by sal desc) where rownum <=5;-求按薪水倒序排列后的第6名到第10名的员工的名字和薪水-select ename, sal from (select ename, sal, rownum r from (select ename, sal from emp order by sal desc) ) where r>=6 and r<=10-面试题: 有3个表S,C,SC S(SNO,SNAME)代表(学号,姓名) C(CNO,CNAME,CTEACHER)代表(课号,课名,教师) SC(SNO,CNO,SCGRADE)代表(学号,课号成绩) 问题: 1,找出没选过“黎明”老师的所有学生姓名。 2,列出2门以上(含2门)不和格学生姓名和平均成绩。 3,即学过1号课程有学过2号课所有学生的姓名。答案:1、 select sname from s join sc on(s.sno = sc.sno) join c on (o = o) where cteacher <> '黎明'2、 select sname where sno in (select sno from sc where scgrade < 60 group by sno having count(*) >=2);3、 select sname from s where sno in (select sno, from sc where cno=1 and cno in(select distinct sno from sc where cno = 2); )27、-创建表- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50) unique);28、五种约束条件:非空约束、唯一约束、主键约束、外键约束、检查约束(check)-给name字段加入 非空 约束,并给约束一个名字,若不取,系统默认取一个- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50);-给nameemail字段加入 唯一 约束 两个 null值 不为重复- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50) uniq