高中英语(人教版)必修四_Unit_1_Women_of_achievement3单元语法.ppt
Period 3 单元语法单元语法 单元语法复习单元语法复习主谓一致主谓一致 主谓一致主谓一致一般说来，谓语必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，一般说来，谓语必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，即主谓一致。主谓一致涉及三个方面：语法上一致，即主谓一致。主谓一致涉及三个方面：语法上一致，意义上一致，就近一致。意义上一致，就近一致。 一、语法上一致一、语法上一致1. 不可数名词、动名词、不定式、从句等做主语时，不可数名词、动名词、不定式、从句等做主语时，谓语通常用单数。谓语通常用单数。Much milk is offered to him. Reading aloud is very important in learning English.To nod ones head means agreement. What they said is true.2. and连接主语时，注意以下几点：连接主语时，注意以下几点： 1）由）由and, bothand 连接两个单数名词谓语用复数，连接两个单数名词谓语用复数，但当但当and连接的两个名词指同一个人连接的两个名词指同一个人, 同一物同一物, 同一事，同一事，同一概念时谓语用单数。同一概念时谓语用单数。Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel.The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk.【特别提醒【特别提醒】英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：iron and steel钢铁钢铁 law and order治安治安bread and butter 黄油面包黄油面包 a watch and chain一块带链的表一块带链的表a knife and fork刀叉刀叉 a coat and tie配有领带的上衣配有领带的上衣aim and end目的目的 truth and honesty真诚真诚2) 凡是由凡是由eachand each,everyand every ,noand no, many a and many a连接名词作主连接名词作主语时谓语用单数。语时谓语用单数。Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company.No boy and no girl doesnt go to school at the age of seven in this village. 3) 由由and 连接的前置并列修饰语连接的前置并列修饰语+不可数名词做主语时不可数名词做主语时,谓语用复数。谓语用复数。Good and bad meat in the market are sold out.4) 不可数名词不可数名词+兵团并列修饰语作主语时兵团并列修饰语作主语时, 谓语用单数。谓语用单数。Beer from the USA and Germany is much better thanfrom Britain.5) 凡由凡由and连接两个带连接两个带the(a或物主代词或物主代词)的单数可数的单数可数名词，谓语用复数，如果只有前一个名词名词，谓语用复数，如果只有前一个名词带带the(a 或物主代词或物主代词)则谓语用单数。则谓语用单数。The professor and the writer have published a few new books on radio.The tenth and last chapter is written by a young man.6)由由and 连接的第二个名词短语表示否定或带有状语连接的第二个名词短语表示否定或带有状语时时,为主的单复数与第一个名词一致。为主的单复数与第一个名词一致。The teacher, and perhaps his students too, is likely to be present.7)What 从句的并列式作主语时从句的并列式作主语时,并列完整式常用复数并列完整式常用复数,缩略式常用单数。缩略式常用单数。What he says and what he thinks have nothing to do with me. What I say and do is my own affair.8) 由由and 连接的两个疑问代词、不定式、动名词作连接的两个疑问代词、不定式、动名词作主语时，根据意义一致的原则确定单复数。主语时，根据意义一致的原则确定单复数。When and where to build the new factory _yet.(MET1991)A is not decided B are not decided C has not decided D have not decided 3 主语主语+介词（短语）：介词（短语）：with, except, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, over, besides, together with, like, including, in addition to等连接的等连接的名词时，谓语以介词（短语）前的主语为准，名词时，谓语以介词（短语）前的主语为准， 不受介词后的名词影响。不受介词后的名词影响。The man with hs daughters and sons is watching TV.The girls as well as the teacher are dancing.1）E-mail, as well as telephones,_ an important role in our daily life (1999上海上海)A playing B play C plays D have played 2) A library with five thousand books_ to the nation as a gift. (MET 1990)A is offered B has offered C are offered D have offered 4 不定代词不定代词either, each, one, another, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, some one, somebody, anything, nothing, something, everything, everyone, everybody, neither等作主语时，谓语用单数，等作主语时，谓语用单数，none做主语时，做主语时，谓语单复数均可。谓语单复数均可。There is nothing wrong with the machine.Either of the shirts fits me very well.None of the farmers has (have) been abroad. 5 many a (an) +名词和名词和more than one +名词做主语时名词做主语时谓语用单数。谓语用单数。Many an apple is in the basket. More than one stamp has been collected by her. 6 在四则运算中谓语单复数均可。在四则运算中谓语单复数均可。Three and four is (are) seven. Two times ten is (are) twenty. 7 当当kind of, pair of, type of等做主语时，谓语与等做主语时，谓语与of 前的前的kind, pair, type等保持一致。如：等保持一致。如：This pair of trousers fits you. The kind of the apple tastes delicious. 8 当当a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great quantity of等短语等短语作主语时，谓语与作主语时，谓语与of后的保持一致。后的保持一致。There are plenty of eggs in the basket. Lots of meat has been sold out.As a result of destroying the forests, a large_ of desert_ covered the land. (2001上海上海)A number, has B quantity, has C number, have D quantity, have 9 当分数或百分数当分数或百分数+名词作主语时，谓语与后面的名词名词作主语时，谓语与后面的名词保持一致。保持一致。Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.70 percent of people have known about the truth._ of the land in that district_ covered with trees and grass. (2000上海上海)A Two fifth, is B Two fifth, are C Two fifth, is D Two fifths, are 10 在在one of +复数名词复数名词+定语从句中如关系代词作主语定语从句中如关系代词作主语引导定语从句时，谓语根据先行词来判断，若是引导定语从句时，谓语根据先行词来判断，若是one of结构，定语从句用复数，若是结构，定语从句用复数，若是the (only) one of结构，结构，定语从句用单数。定语从句用单数。Zhou xia is one of the girls who like hiking. Tian lili is the only one of the girls who has passed the exam.考例：考例：He is the only of the students who_ a winner of scholarship for three years. (2002上海上海)A is B are C have been D has been 11 “a number of+复数名词作主语时复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数谓语动词用复数形式，形式，”the number of +复数名词作主语时，复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式。谓语用单数形式。The number of books is no more than 100, but a number of them is of little use.考例：考例：The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them_ absent for different reasons. (NMET 1996)A were , was B was, was C was , were, D were, were 二、意义上一致二、意义上一致1 当表示时间，距离，价格、度量等的名词作主语时当表示时间，距离，价格、度量等的名词作主语时谓语用单数。谓语用单数。 Ten years is quite a long time.2 当当“the+形容词（过去分词）形容词（过去分词）”指一类人作主语时，指一类人作主语时，谓语用复数。指个人或抽象概念时，谓语用单数。谓语用复数。指个人或抽象概念时，谓语用单数。The rich live a happy life, while the poor live a hard life.The wounded is our captain.3 当当maths (mathematics), politics, physics等学科名词等学科名词作主语时，谓语用单数，但前有物主代词修饰指某人作主语时，谓语用单数，但前有物主代词修饰指某人的某方面时，谓语用复数。的某方面时，谓语用复数。Maths is difficult to learn. His physics are poor. 4 用作书名、剧名、报名、国名、地区名称的复数名词用作书名、剧名、报名、国名、地区名称的复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。作主语时，谓语用单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book. The United States is a developed country.5 如果名词词组的中心词是如果名词词组的中心词是all, most, half, rest, part等词语，表示的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，等词语，表示的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。反之用单数。All of the rubbish was cleared away. All of the classmates have passed the examination.6 当集合名词当集合名词 family, class, army, group, team, enemy, government, public, couple等作主语时，等作主语时，如果主语看作一个整体，谓语用单数，如果看作其中如果主语看作一个整体，谓语用单数，如果看作其中的成员（个体时）谓语用复数。的成员（个体时）谓语用复数。Class 3 are unable to agree on the plan. His family has just moved to Beijing. 7 有的名词如有的名词如police, cattle, people, clothes, trousers等等没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语只能用复数，而有的没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语只能用复数，而有的名词则是单数、复数相同，如名词则是单数、复数相同，如sheep, deer, aircraft, mean, fish, works, species,等，作主语时，就必须根据等，作主语时，就必须根据意思来确定其谓语的单复数形式。意思来确定其谓语的单复数形式。Shortly after the accident, the police were sent to keep order.考例：考例：Every possible means_ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear (2000上海上海)。A is used B are used C has been used D have been used8表示成双成套的名词，如：表示成双成套的名词，如：trousers，shoes，glasses，compasses等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如： His black trousers are too long他的黑裤子太长。他的黑裤子太长。 Your glasses are on your nose你的眼镜在你鼻梁上。你的眼镜在你鼻梁上。 若这类名词与若这类名词与pair连用时，谓语动词往往与连用时，谓语动词往往与pair一致。一致。如：如： This pair of compasses is made in Beijing这副圆规是北京制造的。这副圆规是北京制造的。 A pair of glasses costs quite a lot now现在一副眼镜值很多钱。现在一副眼镜值很多钱。 There are two pairs of gloves on the desk桌上有两副手套。桌上有两副手套。 9表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以“-s”结尾的专有名词结尾的专有名词作主语时的主谓一致作主语时的主谓一致 表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以“-s”结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如： The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean菲律宾群岛位于太平洋。菲律宾群岛位于太平洋。 Rocky Mountains stand in the west of North America 落基山脉坐落在北美洲西部。落基山脉坐落在北美洲西部。10.名词名词clothes，works(作作“著作著作”讲讲)，goods，contents，the Olympic Games的谓语动词律律用复数。如：的谓语动词律律用复数。如： Clothes keep people warm衣服使人保暖。衣服使人保暖。 His works have been translated into several foreign languages 他的著作已经被翻译成了好几种外语。他的著作已经被翻译成了好几种外语。 若表示若表示“一套衣服一套衣服”，可用，可用a suit of clothes。clothes不可与不定冠词不可与不定冠词a或数词连用。或数词连用。 若表示若表示“一部作品一部作品”用用a work，“两部作品两部作品”用用two works。 三、就近一致三、就近一致1 连词连词 or, eitheror, notbut, neithernor, not onlybut also, whetheror等连词并列作主语时，等连词并列作主语时，谓语与它最靠近的主语一致。谓语与它最靠近的主语一致。Either you or I am going to answer his question. Not only he but also his friends have been to New York.Either you or the headmaster_ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting (1994上海上海)A is handing out B are to hand out C are handing out D is to hand out注意：注意：两个主语由两个主语由as well as，but，with，together with，except，rather than，including，besides等连接时等连接时,谓语动词的形式不受这些短语的影响谓语动词的形式不受这些短语的影响,应与最前面的主语一致。应与最前面的主语一致。The teacher with his students is going there on foot.老师和他的学生们要步行去那里。老师和他的学生们要步行去那里。 2 在在there be结构中，如果主语不只是一个，谓语通常结构中，如果主语不只是一个，谓语通常和邻近的，即每一个主语一致。如：和邻近的，即每一个主语一致。如：There is a desk and three chairs in the room. There are three chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and four chairs in the room.There is (be) a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There are (be) twenty boystudents and twentythree girlstudents in the class. Here is (be) a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer. In the distance was (be) heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。在倒装句在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。Addition:表达祝愿的句型。表达祝愿的句型。1)I/We/Let us +wish sb.+sth.I wish you happiness. I wish you a full recovery. I wish you every success in your new post. Let us wish you the very best of luck.2)主语（主语（I We Let us）+wish+sb.+to do sth.I wish you to succeed in your performance. Let us wish you to win still greater victories in the scientific research. 3)主语主语(I We ) hope+宾语从句宾语从句I hope all is going well with your family.4) May +主语主语+动词原形动词原形+其它其它May you both be always happy. May you return safe and sound. May all happiness attend you.5) 主语（主语（I/We/let me）+send /offer+宾语宾语+forLet me offer my hearty good wished for your success.6) 名词名词to sb.Success to you all! A good journey to you! Good luck to everyone!【小试牛刀【小试牛刀】Science and technology _ playing a more and more important part in our daily life.Ais Bare Chas Dhave【解析【解析】science and technology 作主语，意为作主语，意为“科科技技”，谓语动词用单数。由题干可知是现在进行时的，谓语动词用单数。由题干可知是现在进行时的用法。用法。【答案】【答案】AThe New York Times _ published by the day in the USA，which _ a powerful nation in the world.Aare；is Bare；are Cis；are Dis；is【解析【解析】书刊、报纸、地名等虽以复数形式出现书刊、报纸、地名等虽以复数形式出现,但作但作主语时主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。谓语动词用单数形式。the New York Times 是是报纸名报纸名,所以用单数所以用单数;which 引导的定语从句谓语动词的引导的定语从句谓语动词的数与先行词数与先行词 the USA 保持一致保持一致,故用单数。故用单数。【答案【答案】DA survey of the opinions of experts _ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health.Ashow；are Bshows；isCshow；is Dshows；are【解析【解析】考查主谓一致。由考查主谓一致。由a survey可知第一个空用可知第一个空用shows，首先排除，首先排除A、C两项；第二个空前的两项；第二个空前的three hours of outdoor exercise a week表抽象概念，看作单数，故其表抽象概念，看作单数，故其谓语动词用单数形式。谓语动词用单数形式。【答案【答案】BThe number of people，who have access to their own cars，_ sharply in the past decade.Arose Bis rising Chave risen Dhas risen【解析【解析】主句主语是主句主语是the number，谓语动词用单数，排，谓语动词用单数，排除除C项；根据时间状语项；根据时间状语in the past decade可知应用完成可知应用完成时态，故选时态，故选D。【答案【答案】D补全句子并注意两句的异同补全句子并注意两句的异同(1)Bread and butter a daily food in the West.Both bread and butter sold out.(2)The worker and writer from Wuhan.The worker and the writer from Beijing.(3)His family a great one.His family music lovers.(4)The teacher as well as the students read the book already.Not only the teacher but also the students read the book already.(5)The number of people invited fifty.But a number of them absent for different reasons.is are is are is are has have was were Grammar【考点警示【考点警示】1注意在具体语境和搭配中某些特殊主语注意在具体语境和搭配中某些特殊主语(集体名词、集体名词、非谓语动词、从句、分数等非谓语动词、从句、分数等)的主谓一致。的主谓一致。2理解某些特殊结构及词汇在具体语境中的单复数理解某些特殊结构及词汇在具体语境中的单复数意义，记住其中的一些规则。意义，记住其中的一些规则。【过关强练【过关强练】.用适当的谓语动词填空用适当的谓语动词填空1The man together with his wife and children_ (sit) there watching TV.2More than one student_ (have) passed the examination.3Every means_ (have) been tried.4She is the one of those women who_ (know) a thing about furniture.5A large quantity of water_ (be) coming.issitshashasknows.单项填空单项填空1The day before yesterday the police including one officer_ searching for the murderer in that mountain.Ais Bare Cwas Dwere2The population of Jiangsu_ to more than twice what it was in 1949.The figure is now approaching 74 million.Ahas grown Bhave grownCgrew Dare growing3Listening to loud music at rock concerts_ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.Ais Bare Chas Dhave4A poet and artist_ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.Ais Bare Cwas Dwere5Professor Smith，along with his assistants，_ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A.work B. working C. is working D. are working6All the scientific evidence_ that increasing use of chemicals in farming_ damaging our health.(2012湖南湖南35) Ashow；are Bshows；areCshow；is Dshows；is7The basketball coach，as well as his team，_interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. (2012陕西陕西12)Awere Bwas Cis DAre8.One-third of the country_ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_ black people.(2011湖南湖南26)Ais；are Bis；is Care；are Dare；is(2013上海卷上海卷)39. Among the crises that face humans _ the lack of natural resources.A. is B. are C. is there D. are there(2013江苏卷江苏卷)21. Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others _ essential to their development.A. is B. areC. was D. were(2013湖南卷湖南卷)33. The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ around $8,450 a year, which _ a burden for some of them.A.are；is B. are；are B. C. is；are D. is；is高考试题赏析高考试题赏析（2012湖南卷湖南卷35） All the scientific evidence that increasing use of chemicals in farming damaging our health.A. show; are B. shows; are C. show; is D. shows; is【考点】主谓一致【考点】主谓一致【答案【答案】D【解析】句意：所有的科学证据表明：农业方面越来越多的【解析】句意：所有的科学证据表明：农业方面越来越多的使用化学物质正在损害着我们的健康。第一空前主语是不可使用化学物质正在损害着我们的健康。第一空前主语是不可数名词数名词evidence，故谓语动词用单数，故谓语动词用单数shows；第二空前主语中；第二空前主语中心词是心词是use，故谓语动词要用，故谓语动词要用is ，即，即D项正确。项正确。（2012陕西卷陕西卷12.） The basketball coach, as well as his team, _ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A. wereB. was C isD. are【考点】主谓一致和时态【考点】主谓一致和时态【答案【答案】B【解析】句意：因表现突出，在赛后，球队教练包括队员【解析】句意：因表现突出，在赛后，球队教练包括队员接受了采访。依据时间状语接受了采访。依据时间状语shortly after the match，句子应该，句子应该使用一般过去时态，结合句子的主语使用一般过去时态，结合句子的主语coach可知，可知，B选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。选项。【难度】一般【难度】一般【知识拓展】单数名词【知识拓展】单数名词/代词作主语，后接代词作主语，后接with, along with，together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but, except, besides, such as, like, including etc. + 名词名词/代词，谓语动词使用代词，谓语动词使用单数形式。单数形式。【2011安徽卷）安徽卷）27】The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _ saved for other purposes.A. is B. are C. was D. were 【考点【考点】考查主谓一致和时态。考查主谓一致和时态。【解析【解析】定语从句中先行词是定语从句中先行词是the raw materials，故定语从句应与先行词数的一致，用复数，上文时态故定语从句应与先行词数的一致，用复数，上文时态为过去式，故选为过去式，故选D。句意为：工厂用了这种原材料的。句意为：工厂用了这种原材料的65%，剩余部分节省出来作他用。，剩余部分节省出来作他用。【答案【答案】D【2011湖南卷湖南卷)26】One third of the country _covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people. A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is【考点【考点】考查主谓一致。考查主谓一致。【解析【解析】整个国家为整体，三分之一的部分当然也应整个国家为整体，三分之一的部分当然也应用单数；而用单数；而the majority of citizens主要指人，是可数主要指人，是可数名词，此时的谓语动词用复数，表示名词，此时的谓语动词用复数，表示“大多数，大多数，大部分大部分”。【答案【答案】AB A 2010四川卷四川卷 Such poets as Shakespeare _ widely read，of whose works，however，some _ difficult to understand. Aare；are Bis；isCare；is Dis；are【解析】【解析】 A考查主谓一致。第一空考查主谓一致。第一空poets作主语，作主语，谓语用谓语用are，第二空，第二空some of his works作主语，作主语，表示复数的概念，依然用表示复数的概念，依然用are。解析句意为：一些诗人，像莎士比亚，解析句意为：一些诗人，像莎士比亚，(其作品其作品)被广泛阅读，然而，其中一些作品是难以理解的。被广泛阅读，然而，其中一些作品是难以理解的。句中句中of whose works到句末为非限制性定语从句；到句末为非限制性定语从句；第一个空的主语是第一个空的主语是some poets，故谓语动词用复数，故谓语动词用复数形式；第二个空的主语是形式；第二个空的主语是some of whose works，谓语动词也要用复数形式。谓语动词也要用复数形式。2010湖南卷湖南卷 Listening to loud music at rock concerts_ caused hearing loss in some teenagers. Ais Bare Chas Dhave【解析【解析】 C考查主谓一致和时态。根据动名词短语考查主谓一致和时态。根据动
