形容词副词的用法(10页).doc

-形容词副词的用法-第 10 页形容词一、形容词的一般用法：形容词是指用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。一般放在它所修饰的名词前作定语，也可独立作表语或宾语补足语等。1.作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。Its a cold and windy day.2.作表语，放在系动词的后面。(look,feel,smell,sound.)He looks happy today.3.形容词修饰something，anything，nothing，everything等复合不定代词时，须放在其后。Would you like something hot to drink？4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。How long is the river？ Its about two hundred metres long.5.只能作表语的形容词：afraid；alone；asleep；awake；alive；well健康的；ill；frightenedThe man is ill.（正）The ill man is my uncle.（误）6.只能作定语的形容词：little小的；only唯一的；wooden木质的；woolen羊毛质的；elder年长的My elder brother is in Beijing.（正）My brother is elder. （误）7.貌似副词的形容词：lonely；friendly；lively；lovely二、形容词常用句型1.“Its +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”。=Sb +be +adj+to do sth注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如good，kind，nice，polite ，clever ，foolish ，lazy ，careful，careless，right（正确的），wrong等。Its very kind of you to help me.（=You are very kind to help me.）2.“Its+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=To do sth is adj for sb .注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有important，necessary，difficult，easy，hard，dangerous，safe，useful，pleasant，interesting，impossible等。Its not easy for them to learn a foreign language.（=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.）3.表示感情或情绪的形容词，如glad，pleased，sad，thankful等常接不定式。Im very sad to hear the bad news.4.表示能力和意志的形容词，如ready（乐意的，有准备的），able（有能力的），sure（一定），certain（一定）等常接不定式。Lei Feng is always ready to help others.He is sure to get to school on time.注意：a. 有些形容词只能作表语。如：alone, afraid, asleep等。如： That old man feels alone because his children are out. I'm afraid he can't come. b. 形容词与不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等连用时，要放在这些词后面。如： There is something wrong with my DVD machine. It's nothing serious. c. 某些形容词可以和定冠词连用，表示一类人或事物，其作用相当于一个名词。如： the young(年轻人)，the poor(穷人), the rich(富人) d. 如果有两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时，其前后排列顺序一般如下：限定词(a/the, this/some/her)+数量词(先序数词后基数词)+观点+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+材料+名词。如：a big old German computer 副词一、 副词的分类副词按词汇意义可分为：方式副词：well，fast，slowly，carefully，quickly程度副词：very，much，enough，almost，rather，quite地点副词：here，there，out，somewhere，abroad，home时间副词：today，early，soon，now，then，recently，still频度副词：always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never否定副词：no，not，neither，nor疑问副词：where，how，why其他：also，too，only二、副词的基本用法：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，有时也能修饰名词，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、动作、频度等，在句中主要用作状语。i. 副词修饰动词，告诉我们动作是怎样进行的，什么时候进行或者在什么地方发生的，一般位于动词之后。如：They went to the park early yesterday. We must study hard. ii. 副词修饰形容词或副词，则告诉我们这些形容词或副词的程度如何，一般位于这些词前。 如：Michael Jordan jumps very high.Dai Yuqiang sings quite well. 注意：a副词表示频度修饰动词时，位于连系动词和助动词之后，行为动词之前。如：Mr. Wang usually comes to school on foot. The boy is often ill.b. already和yet的区别：already用于陈述句，一般用于句中，但不能和时间状语放在一起，译为“已经”；yet用来谈某事在预料之中，用于疑问句时译为“已经”，但用在否定句中则译为“尚未，还没有”，一般都放于句末。如： The train has already arrived. I have already read the book.      Have you found your book yet? I have not finished my homework yet. c. ever用于疑问句或带if的肯定句中或含hardly等否定意义的肯定句中，表示“曾经”一般要放在动词前面；它不用于现在完成时的简略回答，而要用Yes, I have或No, never表示。如：The old man hardly ever goes out. (hardly ever 可译为：几乎从不)      “Have you ever been to the new library?” “No, never”. 3形容词与副词的相互转变：形容词是用来修饰名词，副词是用来修饰动词，形容词或其它副词，它们在具体应用中可以互相转化，规律如下：a. 在形容词词尾直接加-ly，构成副词。如： usual-usually, bad-badly等。注：不是所有以-ly结尾的单词都是副词，某些名词后加-ly可以转化为形容词。如：sisterly, brotherly, friendly, comradely, lovely等。b. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词，变y为i，再加-ly，如：heavy-heavily, happy-happily等，并且要注意这些单词的变化：polite-politely, true-truly, terrible-terribly等。形容词的比较级和最高级的构成绝大多数形容词有三种形式，原级，比较级和最高级。用以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级：形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。                      如:  poor、 tall、 great、 glad、 bad 等。形容词的比较级和最高级：形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。 分为规则变化和不规则变化两类。  规则变化如下: 1、单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。    如：great (原级) - greater (比较级) - greatest (最高级) 2、以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。  如：wide (原级) -wider (比较级) - widest (最高级) 3、少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。如：clever(原级) - cleverer (比较级) - cleverest (最高级) 4、以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. 如：happy (原级) - happier (比较级) - happiest (最高级) 5、以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。 如：big (原级) - bigger (比较级) - biggest (最高级) 6、某些双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。如：careful (原级) - more careful (比较级) - most careful (比较级)         beautiful (原级) - more beautiful (比较级) - most beautiful (比较级)     difficult (原级) - more difficult (最高级) - most difficult  (最高级)注：形容词前若加上less 和 least 则表示“较不”和“最不” 。如：important 重要 less important 较不重要 least important 最不重要 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级：原级 比较级 最高级Good /well (健康的，身体好的) better bestMany/much more mostBad/badly/ill worse worstlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest形容词、副词比较级的重难点一、 "as + adj. / adv. + as" 或"not so (as ) + adj. / adv. + as"句型。该句型常用来描述两个比较对象在程度上的相似或不同之处（即平时说的"等级比较和不等级比较"）。如： The building is as high as that tower. 这座大楼和那座塔一样高。My computer is not so(as) expensive as yours. 我的电脑不如你的贵重。二、 "as many / few + 可数名词复数 + as"或" as much / little + 不可数名词 + as "结构。前者描述数目上的接近；后者描述量的相近。如： You may borrow as many books as you can.你能借多少书就借多少。"Drink as much water as you can," the doctor said to him.医生对他说："你要尽可能地多喝些水。"三、 "主语 + 比较级 + than any other +可数名词单数"或"主语 + 比较级 + than the other 可数名词复数"的结构表示：主语所描述的事物比其它（任何一个）都."。用比较级形式表示最高级含义。如： Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。Li Ming is much cleverer than any other student in their class. 李明是他们班中最聪明的学生。四、诸如 not , never 之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用，表示最高级含义。意为"再没有比.更."。如： It is not a better idea. 这是一个再好不过的办法。I have never heard such an interesting story. 我从来没有听过比这更有趣的故事。五、 "no + 比较级 + than ."结构表示对两个比较对象都进行否定（可以用neither . nor . 结构来改写）。如： This computer is no better than yours.这台电脑并不比你的好。（相当于Neither this computer nor yours is good.）I'm no more foolish than you.我们俩都不傻。（相当于Neither I nor you are foolish.）六、 "not more + 比较级 + than ."结构表示在程度上前者不如后者。如： This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。（相当于The book is less interesting than that one.）The girl is not more selfish than her mother. 这女孩不像她母亲那样自私。七、 "比较级 + than + 形容词"，意为"与其.倒不如."。如： He was much luckier than clever. 与其说他聪明，倒不如说他运气好。Jack is much harder than clever. 与其说杰克聪明，倒不如说他努力。八、 "would rather . than, prefer . to ., prefer to do . rather than . "，这三个句型表示"宁愿.而不.; 喜欢.胜过. ; 宁愿做.而不愿做."含义。虽无比较级形式，但表示比较级含义。如： She would rather die than give in. 她宁死不屈。I prefer playing basketball to going to the cinema. 我宁愿打篮球也不愿去看电影。He preferred to go out rather than stay home. 他宁愿出去也不愿呆在家里。九、 "The + 比较级 . ， the + 比较级 . "，该结构意为"越.， 越."。如： The harder you work at English, the greater progress you will make.在英语学习上你越用功，取得的进步就越大。The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them.问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。1).副词是用来修饰形容词、其他副词,一般放在被修饰词之前.He plays the piano very well .2). 副词是用来修饰动词,常放在动词之后.He got up quickly3).enough 修饰adj /adv 时,放在其后.He is old enough to go to school .三、常见副词用法辨析与yet的区别already用于肯定句句中，表示“已经”；yet用于否定句句末，表示“还”，用于疑问句句末，表示“已经”He had_left when I called.Have you found your ruler_？2 very，much和very much.的区别very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词要用very much.John is _ honest.This garden is_ bigger than that one.Thank you _.与such的区别so修饰形容词或副词；such 修饰名词，My brotherruns so fast that I cant follow him.He is such a boy.so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词He is _ clever a boy.=He is _ a clever boy.It is_cold weather.They are _good students.名词前有many ,much, few ,little (少量的) 用so 不用such .(多多少少仍用so)但little 表示 “小的” 用such.There are _ little sheep on the hill .，too，as well与either 的区别also，as well，too，用于肯定句，also常用于be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前；as well，too用于句末；either用于否定句中，置于句末。例如，My father is a teacher. My mother is _a teacher.=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher _.=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher，_.I cant speak French Jenny cant speak French，_.，sometimes，some time与some times的区别sometime：表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间。sometimes：有时，不时的= at timessome time：一段时间some times：几次，几倍Well have a test _next month._ we are busy and sometimes we are not.He stayed in Beijing for _ last year.I have been to Beijing _.与before的区别ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。I saw him ten minutes _.He told me that he had seen the film_.，just与just now的区别now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在”just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚”just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才”Where does he live_？We have _ seen the film.He was here_.8.lonely / alone 的区别1).alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作adj 也可作adv.2).lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的，常与feel 连用。3).alone 只作表语 (以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语)He lives _ on a _ island .He is _ ,but he doesnt feel _.9.fast /quickly /soon 的区别.fast 表示速度之快 quickly表示动作之快 soon表示时间之快Im leaving home this afternoon . Really ? Why so _?、形容词，副词的比较级、最高级一、规则变化1.一般在词尾直接加er或est， tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st， nice-nicer-nicest3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加er或est， heavy-heavier-heaviest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est， big-bigger-biggest注: 大,红,湿,热,悲,瘦,胖.双写末辅再变级.（big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat ）5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级， beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful注:表示否定意义在其前加less /leastimportant-less important-least importantEnglish is more interesting than Chinese =Chinese is less interesting than English .6.由 “形容词+ly”构成的副词,在其前加more/ mostslowly-more slowly-most slowly；但earlyearlier-earliest二、不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best many/much more most little less least old old / elder old /eldest bad/badly/ill worse worst far farther (距离)/further（程度） farthest /furthest下列单、双音节词只能加more和most原级 比较级 最高级 like(想似的) more like most like real(真的) more real most real tired more tired most tired pleased more pleased most pleased often more often most often注: 形容词,副词同形有: back , high , well ,fast, early, late ,straight形容词，副词等级的用法一、原级的用法1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，tooHe is too tired to walk on.My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him.2.原级常用的句型结构（1）A= B-A+ as +adj / adv的原级+ as +B表示 “A和B一样”Tom is as old as Kate.Tom runs as fast as Mike.（2）AB-A +not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B 表示 “A不如B”This room is not as/so big as that one.He doesnt walk as slowly as you.二、比较级的用法1.可以修饰比较级的词.much，a lot，far，的多a little，a bit，一点儿even甚至，still仍然Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. Tom looks even younger than before.2.比较级常用的句型结构“甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙”Tom is taller than Kate.I got up earlier than my mother this morning.三.最高级的用法1).结构: the +最高级+ of +人或物( in +地点)He is the tallest of all the boysHe works hardest in his class .注:副词的最高级前the 可省掉2).the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .3).one of +the +形容词的最高级+复数名词He is one of the cleverest students in our class.4). “特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。Which season do you like （the） best，spring，summer or autumn？四.级别的转换1).原级与比较级的转换a). 倍数+ as as (倍数-1)+比较级+thanThis room is five times as big as that one =This room is_ _bigger than that one .b).not asas 与比较级的转换A +not as as + B A+比较级(反义词的比较级) +than +B B+比较级+than+AMary is not as old as Tom .= Mary is _ _ Tom.= Tom is _ _ Mary .This book is not as expensive as that one = This book is _ _ than that one = That book is _ _than this one .2).比较级与最高级的转换a). the +最高级+ of / in b). 比较级+than+any other +单数名词+the other +复数名词+anyone else+any of the other+复名c). Nobody else + 比较级 + than Tom is the tallest boy in our class .Tom is taller than _ _ boy in our class.Tom is taller than _ _ in our class._ _ is taller than Tom in our class.五.级别的惯用法1. “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。He is getting taller and taller.2. “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+”表示“甲是两者中较的”。(of the twins/parents)Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.4.当adj 的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用the .This is my best book of all.5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较.My pencil is longer than _(you).6.比较时不能与自身相比注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词.He is taller than _ boy in his class.He is taller than _boy in our class . other7.有些含有比较级的句子里，常用that(单数、不可数名词)、those (复数名词)代替前面提到的词，以避免重复。The weather in Beijing is colder than _ in Guangzhou in winter .The boys in our class are more than _ in your class .比较等级，几多注意在具体运用比较级中，常有同学因粗心而犯下一些错误。那么，学习比较等级，有那些要注意的地方呢？一注意单词拼写可不要以为拼写是一个小问题呀！形容词或副词变比较级的规则可要时刻牢记，该双写，该去e，该加more或该y变i，都是不能马虎的。例如：他总是比我到校早。 He always comes to school earlyer than me. （误） （正）He always comes to school earlier than me.二注意比较对象在比较等级的句型中，比较的双方必须是同类事物，否则会引起歧义。即人与人，物与物的比较。例如：他的尺子比我的长。 His ruler is longer than me.（误） （正）His ruler is longer than mine.三注意符合逻辑自身能进行比较吗？当然是不行的。可是有时我们因不小心而将自己和自己比较。为了避免这样的错误，可借助“any other+单数名词”来帮忙。例如：中国比亚洲的其他任何一个国家都大。 China is larger than any country in Asia. （误） （正）China is larger than any other country in Asia.四注意修饰词语在比较等级中，so, very, quite, too等修饰原级；much, far, even,a little/bit等常修饰比较级。在使用时，不要弄错了。例如：姚明比我高多了。Yao Ming is very taller than I. （误）（正）Yao Ming is much taller than I.五注意范围介词在表达最高级时，常用到in或of两个表范围的介词。in表示“在范围之中”，而of常用于“在同类之中”。例如：玛丽是我们班最漂亮的女孩。Mary is the prettiest girl of our class. （误） （正）Mary is the prettiest girl in our class.六注意定冠词的使用1. 形容词最高级前一般有定冠词，但如果前边也有物主代词，名词所有格等词来修饰时，定冠词the常被省略。例如：加里是我最好的朋友。Gary is my the best friend. （误）（正）Gary is my best friend.2. 形容词比较级前一般不加定冠词，但句中有“of the two”结构表示“两者中较的一个”时，定冠词the要加上。例如：苏珊是这两个女孩子当中较胖的一个。 Susan is fatter of the two girls. （误） （正）Susan is the fatter of the two girls.3. 在使用最高级“one of the +最高级+复数名词”结构时，定冠词the不能丢掉。例如：黄河是我国最长的河流之一。 The Yellow River is one of longest rivers in China. （误） （正）The Yellow River is one of the longest river in China.七注意结构对称在含有比较级的句子中，前后的两个比较对象一定要保持相同的结构。例如：我认为弹钢琴比弹吉他难。 I think it is more difficult to play the piano than playing the guitar. （误） （正）I think it is more difficult to play the piano than to play the guitar.八注意固定用法在比较等级中有两种固定结构要记牢了。一是表达“越来越”用“比较级+and+比较级”结构；二是表达“越，越”，用“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构。例如：我们的生活变得越来越好了。 Our life is becoming better and better.你吃的越多，就长的越胖。 The more you eat, the fatter yo