油气储运专业英语(英汉互译)(42页).doc

-Chapter 1 Oil and Gas Fields第1章 油气田1.1 An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production 1.1石油和天然气生产的介绍The complex nature of wellstreams is responsible for the complex processing of the produced fluids (gas, oil，water, and solids). The hydrocarbon portion must be separated into products that can be stored and/or transported. The nonhydrocarbon contaminants must be removed as much as feasible to meet storage, transport, reinjection, and disposal specifications. Ultimate disposal of the various waste streams depends on factors such as the location of the field and the applicable environmental regulations. The overriding criterion for product selection, construction, and operation decisions is economics. 油气井井流的复杂性质，决定了所产流体(气、油、水和固体)的加工十分复杂。必须分出井流中的烃类，使之成为能储存和/或能输送的各种产品;必须尽可能地脱除井流中的非烃杂质，以满足储存、输送、回注和排放的规范。各类废弃物的最终处置取决于各种因素，如油气田所处地域和所采用的环保规定等。经济性是决定油气田产品设计、建筑和操作决策的最重要准则。Fig. 1-1 is a comprehensive picture of the individual unit operations carried out in field processing. All the various modules shown will not all be present in every system. Furthermore, the modules used in a given application may not be arranged in the exact sequence shown, although the sequence is，in general, correct. The selection and sequencing of modules is determined during the design phase of field development. 图1-1表示在矿场进行的各种单元操作的综合图。在各系统内不一定有图1- 所示的全部操作模块。尽管图中所示的加工顺序通常是正确的，但在某一特定使用情况下，模块的布置可能会与图中所示的顺序不同。在油气田开发设计阶段确定模块的选择和排列顺序。As shown in Fig. 1-1，the individual phases (gas，liquid hydrocarbon, liquid water, and solids) should be separated from each other as early as practical. Individual streams can then be treated with less technical difficulty and more economically. Hartley and Bin Jadid (1989) illustrate how lab and field tests performed before construction can identify and minimize future production and processing problems such as scaling, foaming, emulsion formation, wax deposition, and hydrate formation. Processing of the separated streams is now reviewed briefly because many of the individual unit operations are discussed in detail in subsequent chapters. 如图1-1所示，应尽早将各股流体(气、液态烃、液态水和固体)分离。这样，单独处理各股流体时，技术难度较小，也较经济。Hartley和Bin Jadid (19$9阐明了在建设前进行的室内和现场试验可以发现并减少将来在生产和加工中可能出现的问题，如结垢、发泡、形成乳状液、结蜡以及生成水合物等,现在简要介绍被分离的各股流体的加工，在后续章节中将详细讨论其中的许多单元操作。1 .1 .1 Gas Processing 1 .1 .1气体加工As shown in Fig. 1-1，gas processing begins with treating, if necessary, to remove the acid gases- hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Both gases are very corrosive when liquid water is present and hydrogen sulfide is most toxic. Environmental regulations almost always prohibit the release of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide to the surroundings. Conversion to elemental sulfur is becoming increasingly necessary. 如图1-Z所示，气体加工(若需要)从脱除酸气(H2S和CO2)开始。当存在液态水时，这两种气体有极强的腐蚀性,而且H2S极具毒性。环保法规几乎都禁止向周围环境排放大量H2S，而且正愈来愈多地要求将H2S转变为元素硫。Gas sweetening usually uses aqueous solutions of various chemicals. Therefore, sweetening will precede dehydration. Dehydration is often necessary to prevent the formation of gas hydrates, which may plug high-pressure processing equipment or pipelines at high pressure and at temperatures considerably higher than 32°F (0°C). 天然气脱酸气常使用各种化学剂的水溶液，因而脱酸气应在气体脱水之前进行。为防止生成气体水合物，常需进行脱水。在高压和比32°F(0)高的温度下，水合物可能堵塞高压工艺设备和管线。Gas that contains considerable amounts of liquefiable hydrocarbons (ethane or propane and heavier) can produce condensate upon compressing or cooling. The condensate may cause difficulty in pipelining or subsequent processing. Field processing to remove these natural-gas liquids ( NGL ) , sometimes referred to simply as condensate, may be economical or may be required to meet a hydrocarbon dew-point specification. In remote locations such processing is generally avoided if possible. Recovered condensate may, in turn, have to be stabilized by removing dissolved gaseous components to obtain a transportable product. 含有大量可液化烃类(C2+或C3+)的气体，在压缩或冷却时一可能产生凝析油。凝析油会给管输和后续加一带来困难。在矿场脱除这些天然气液体(NGL,有时简称为凝析油)可能是经济的，或为满足烃露点规定所必需的。在边远地区应尽一量避免脱除凝析油的工作。回收的凝析油必须进行稳定，脱除溶解气组分，以获得可输送的产品。1 .1 .2 Oil Processing 1 .1 .2原油加工After free water removal, produced oil often contains excessive residual emulsified water。 . Treating, also called dehydration, is required to reduce the water content to a value acceptable for transportation or sales. Dehydration should be accomplished using the most economic combination of four factors or techniques;namely, residence time, chemical addition, heat, and electrostatic fields. Dilution water must occasionally be added to reduce the salt content of the residual emulsion (i. e. , the sales crude oil) to a suitably low level. In the United States，desalting is usually performed in the refinery；overseas，desalting is sometimes performed in the field.脱除游离水后，生产的原油内常含有过量的残余乳化水。含有过量残余乳化水的原油需要进行处理(也称脱水)，将水含量降至运输和销售允许的限度内。可应用四种技术的最经济组合实施脱水，即停留时间、化学添加剂、加热和静电场。有时还必须掺人稀释水，将残余乳状液(即销售原油)内的盐含量降低至合理的低浓度。美国，脱盐常在炼厂进行；美国以外地区，脱盐有时在矿场进行。Hydrogen sulfide in crude oil is limited to reduce handling and transportation difficulties because of its extreme toxicity and corrosiveness. Gas stripping or heating is usually used for hydrogen sulfide removal or sweetening as is discussed latterly. 由于H2S具有剧毒和腐蚀性，故应限制原油内H2S的含量，以降低原油装卸、沛在和输送过程的困难。如在后续内容中讨论的那样，常用气提或加热方法脱除原油内的H2S，或使其“甜化”。Crude oil stabilization refers to lowering the vapor pressure to a value that will allow safe handling and transport. Vapor pressure control is obtained by stage separation, reboiled distillation, or a combination of the two. During stabilization some of the more volatile hydrocarbons are removed as vapor and this gas phase entrains hydrogen sulfide and other volatile sulfur compounds from the sour crude oil. Additional sweetening may not be required. 原油稳定是指将蒸气压降低至某一数值，在该蒸气压下原油可安全地装卸、储存和运输。多级分离、再沸蒸馏或多级分离与再沸蒸馏相结合，来控制原油蒸气压。在稳定过程中，某些挥发性强的烃类成为蒸气从原油内分出，这种烃类气体还从酸性原油内带出H2S和其他挥发性强的硫化物。原油也可能不需要专门的脱硫或“甜化”处理。1. 2 Brief Description of Crude Oil Surface Treatment 1. 2原油地面处理简介Well fluids are often a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, gas, and some impurities. It is necessary to remove the gas and some impurities from the liquid hydrocarbons before they are stored, transported, and sold. Liquid hydrocarbons and objectionable impurities must also be removed from natural gas before the gas goes to a sales line. Impurities that might be found in some well streams are hydrogen sulfide， carbon dioxide free water, water vapor, mercaptans, nitrogen,helium,and solids. Nearly all of site impurities cause various types of operating problems. 井流通常是液态烃、气体和某些杂质的复杂混合物。在液态烃储存、输送和销售前，必须从浪态烃中脱除气体和某些杂质。气体进人销售管道前，也必须从天然气中脱除液态烃和有害杂质.在某些并流中，可能存在的杂质是硫化氢、二氧化碳、游离水、水蒸气、硫醇、氮、氦和固体杂质。几乎所有的杂质都会引起各种操作问题。The separation of natural gas,liquid hydrocarbons, and impurities is accomplished by various field-processing methods,depending upon the composition of the well stream and the desired end product. Those methods include time, chemicals, gravity,heat,chemicals or electrical processes, and combinations of these. 根据井流的组成和要求的终端产品，可采用各种现场加工方法实现天然气、液态烃和杂质的分离。这些方法包括时间、化学药品、重力、热、机械或电加工，以及上述方法的综合运用。1 .2 .1 Separators 1 .2 .1分离器Separation of well-stream gas from free liquids is the most common and simplest form of field processing. The equipment most widely used for this type of processing is referred to as a separator. The separation of natural gas from liquids and/or impurities m a separator combines gravity, time,mechanical processes, and occasionally chemicals. 液体与井流气的分离是现场加工最普遍和最简单的方式。这类加工中最常用的设备称为分离器。在分离器内，从液体和/或杂质中分出天然气时可综合使用重力、时间和机械方法，偶尔也采用化学药剂。The size of the separator is dependent upon rate of flow of the natural as and/or liquids going in the vessel. The operating pressure of the vessel is dependent upon the pressure of the gas sales line, the flowing pressure of the well,and operating pressure desired by the lease operator. 分离器的大小取决于进人分离器的天然气流量和/或液体流量。容器的操作压力取决于气体销售管线的压力、井的流动压力和矿场操作人员要求的操作压力。Separators are built in various designs, such as vertical,horizontal and spherical. The internals of the vessel. to aid in the mechanical separation of the gas and liquids, are of a special design,depending upon the manufacture. Although most separators are two-phase in design separating the gas and liquids, they can be built three-phase lo separate natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons,and free water(Fig. 1-2). 分离器有各种不同设计，如立式、卧式和球形分离器。促进气液机械分离的容器内部构件是由制造商专门设计的。尽管设计中多数分离器只分离气液两相，但能制造分离天然气、液态烃和游离水的三相分离器(图1-2)。1 .2 .2 Oil Treating 1 .2 .2原油处理When crude oil is produced, various amounts of gas, water,and other impurities are mixed with the oil. Some of this mixture comes as free oil,some as free water, and some as a homogeneous mixture known as an emulsion. The gas ,water, and other impurities (known as basic sediment and water) must be removed before selling the oil. This separation process is called oil treating. 采出的原油会混有不同数量的气、水和其他杂质。这种混合物中有些为原油，有些为游离水，有些为被称作乳状液的均匀混合物。原油销售前必须脱除气体、水和其他杂质(称为底部沉积物和水)。这种分离过程称为原油处理。Treating systems are important parts of lease equipment. Experience in a particular field or area is valuable in determining the best equipment for the application. 处理系统是矿场设备的重要组成部分。在确定原油的最佳处理设备时是有价值的，在特定油田和地区的经验十分重要。In selecting a treating system, a number of factors should be considered to determine the most desirable method of treating the crude oil to pipeline requirements. Some of these factors are: 为了确定原油的最佳处理方法，使之满足管输要求，在选择处理系统时应考虑许多因素。其中的一些因素是：(1) Tightness of emulsion. （1）乳液的牢固程度。(2) Specific gravity of the oil and produced water. （2）油和采出水的相对密度。(3) Corrosiveness of the oil ,gas,and produced water. （3）油，气，和采出水的腐蚀性。(4) Scaling tendencies of the produced water. （4）采出水的结垢趋势。(5) Quantity of fluid to be treated and percent of water in the fluid. （5）需处理的流体数量和流体内的水含量。(6) Availability of sales line for the gas. （6）是否有气体销售管线。(7) Desirable operating pressure for the equipment. （7）设备所需的操作压力。(8) Paraffin-forming tendencies of the crude oil. （8）原油的结蜡倾向。Oil-field emulsions are usually of the water-in-oil type;however, a few of the emulsions are oil-in-water type and are called reverse emulsions. Emulsions are complex and each should be considered individually. 油田乳状液通常为油包水型，个别情况为水包油型，并称为反相乳状液。乳状液非常复杂，对每一种乳状液都应单独考虑。In order to break a crude oil emulsion and obtain clean oil, it is necessary to displace the emulsifier and its film. This brings about the coalescence of droplets of water and furnishes a means and time period of undisturbed settling of the coalesced water drops. There are several methods used in conjunction with one another to “ treat” an oil emulsion. 为使原油乳状液破乳并得到净化油，需要一置换乳化剂及其薄膜。这样可促使水摘聚结、并并为聚结水滴提供无干扰的沉降时间和沉降方法。处理原油乳状液有多种彼此组合的方法。1 .2 .5 Vertical Treaters 1 .2 .5立式处理器The most commonly used single-well lease treater is the vertical treater as shown in Fig. 1-5. Flow enters the top of the treater into a gas separation section. Care must be exercised to size this section so that it has adequate dimensions to separate the gas from the inlet flow. If the treater is located downstream of a separator, this chamber can be very small. The gas separation section should have an inlet diverter and a mist extractor. 图1-5所示的立式处理器是最常用的矿场单井处理器。井流进入处理器顶部的气体分离段。在确定该段尺寸时，应使其有有足够的空间寸来从井流中分离出气体。如果处理器位于分离器下游，气体分离段可以很小。气体分离段应有一个入口分流器和捕雾器。The liquids flow through a downcomer to the base of the treater. which serves as a free-water knockout section. If the treater is located downstream of a free-water knockout , the bottom section can be very small. If the total wollstream is to be treated this section should be sized for 3 to 5 minutes retention time for both the oil and the water to allow the free water to settle out. This will minimize the amount of fuel gas needed to heat the liquid stream rising through the heating section. The end of the downcomer should be slightly below the oil water interface to “water wash” the oil being treated. This will assist in the coalescence of water droplets in the oil. 液体通过降液管流至处理器底部，该段为游离水分离段。如果处理器位于游离水分离器下游，则该段可以很小。如果要处理全部井流，以油、水在该段都停留3-5 min来确定该段的大小，以便游离水沉降。分出游离水后，将减少向上通过加热段液流所需的加热燃料气为了用水洗涤被处理的原油，降液管的底端应略低于油水界面。水洗将促进原油内水滴的聚结。 The oil and emulsion rises over the heater fire-tubes to a coalescing section where sufficient retention time is provided to allow the small water particles in the oil continuous phase to coalesce and settle to the bottom.原油及其乳状液上升，通过加热器火筒至聚结段。聚结段可提供足够的停留时间，便连续相原油内的水滴聚结并沉降至处理器底部Treated oil flows out the oil outlet. Any gas, flashed from the oil due to heating, flows through the equalizing line to the gas space above. Oil level is maintained by pneumatic or lever operated dump valves. Oil-water interface is controlled by an interface controller, or an adjustable external water leg. 处理后的原油从油出口流出。由于加热，从原油内闪蒸出的气体通过平衡管线流入处理器顶端的气体空间。气动或连杆操作的出油阀可控制油面液位，由界面控制器或外部可调出水管线控制油水界面。The detailed design of the treater, including the design of internals (many features of which are patented) should be the responsibility of the equipment supplier. 处理器及其内部构件(构件的许多特点都有相应专利)的详细设计应由设备供应商负责。1.2.6 Stabilization and Sweetening of Crude Oil 1.2.6原油的稳定和脱酸Dissolved gas in the wellhead crude oil must be removed to meet pipeline, storage, or tanker Reid vapor pressure(RVP) specifications . When the oil is essentially free of dissolved natural gas, or “dead”then it can be stored in a vented tank at atmospheric pressure subject, of course, to emission regulations. The presence of the most volatile hydrocarbons ( C1 ,C2,C3,etc. ) increases the RVP dramatically. Removal of these dissolved natural-gas components is called crude oil stabilization. 必须脱去井口原油内的溶解气，以满足管道、储存或油轮运输对雷特蒸气压的技术规定。只有当原油内基本上没有溶解天然气(或称“死油”)并满足废气排放规定时，才能储存在常压通风储罐内。原油内存在挥发性极强的组分(C1，C2，C3，等)时，将极大地增加雷特蒸气压。脱除这些溶解的天然气组分称为原油稳定。The RVP is usually set in the range of 10 -12 psia,which generally yields a true vapor pressure (T V P )o r,more properly, a bubble point pressure at 100 。F- of slightly higher value,1315 psia. Other important specifications that must be met are BS&W and H2S content. Hydrogen sulfide specifications are usually in the range of 10-60 ppm (Moins ,1980). 通常，设定的雷特蒸气压范围为14-12 psia，雷特蒸气压(RVP)一般比真实蒸气压（TVP，确切的说是144 0F下的泡点压力）略低，真实蒸气压约为13-15 psia。对原油的其他重要规定还包括水和悬浮固体含量以及H2S含量。对H2S含量的规定范围常为10 -60 ppm（ Moins,1980 ）。Often a considerable amount of gas is dissolved in crude oil. Hydrocarbons are usually worth more as liquid (i. e. , in the crude oil phase than in the vapor or natural gas phase), even when associated gas is used for LNGI8 or when the gas is sold and condensate is extracted. 原油内常溶有相当数量的气体。液态烃类的价值一般较高(即烃类在原油内比在蒸气或天然气内的价值高)，即使是伴生气用作制造液化天然气，或从气体内回收凝析油、销售气体，其价值也低于原油。A second possible benefit of spiking crude oil with light hydrocarbons is the potential for increased price due to increased API gravity. This increase is usually small, howeverless than one degree APIand the price increase is also modest, a