中考英语考点总动员系列：专题（10）从句（含答案解析）(22页).doc

-中考英语考点总动员系列：专题（10）从句（含答案解析）-第 22 页考点十 从句聚焦考点温习理解由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子就是复合句。主句是全句的主体。从句是全句的一个成分，它在句子中作什么成分，就叫什么成分的从句。如作状语的就叫状语从句，作宾语的就叫宾语从句，作定语的就叫定语从句。初中阶段要求掌握状语从句、宾语从句和定语从句的简单用法。一、 状语从句概述用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。状语从句的语序应是主语+谓语+其他成分，即陈述句的语序。 状语从句的位置，可以放在主句前面或后面，但是若放在主句前面，要用逗号与主句分开；主句若是疑问句，那么时间状语从句只能放在主句的前面。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。（一）时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常由when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。I went to bed after the TV play was ever. It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，而要用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。I'll write to you as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到北京就将写信给你。He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”, “在以前不”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.We wont start until Bob comes.Dont get off until the bus stops.（4）when，while都有“当时候”的意思。when既可表示某一点时间，也可以表示某一段时间 。在when引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，可与主句中的谓语动词同时发生，也可在其后发生。1I was just reading a book when she came into my room. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。2Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？ 3When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。 while只能表示某一段时间，不能表示某一点时间。在while引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语动词只能是延续性的，而且也只能与主句中的谓语动词同时发生或存在。 例如： 1、While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him. 正当吉姆修自行车时，林涛来看他。 2、You cant do your homework while youre watching TV. 你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。 另外，when和while的区别还在于：while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态，而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态。 例如： 1、While they were talking , the bell rang. 正在他们谈话的时候，上课铃响了。 2、I was doing my homework when my mothercame back home yesterdayevening. 昨天晚上妈妈回家的时候，我正在做家庭作业。when/while都可做并列连词前者表and at that time,(这时，突然)，后者表对比，可译为”然而”I was going downstairs when the telephone rang.Lucy is in blue while Lily is in green. when后加瞬间动词 while后也可加持续性动词（二）地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导。 Go where you like.（三）条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。Ill help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.（四）原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。He didnt come to school because he was ill. (2) because, as, since, for都是表示各种理由的连词，但because because表示直接原因，语气最强，故because所引导的从句常放在句末。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因，两者皆多用于句首。-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As it is raining, let's stay as home. 因为下雨，我们就留在家里吧。Since we have no money, we cant buy it.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。because of也是表示原因状语，但后面只能跟短语。 I stayed at home because of the bad weather. 因为天气不好我留在家里。（五）结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that引导。He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldnt see it.(2)sothat语such.that可以互换。在由so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词或副词连用。其结构是: “.so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.在由suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.（4）由sothat引导的状语从句若是表示否定意思，可以用tooto（太而不能）来替换。 She was so angry that she could not say a word. =She was too angry to say a word. 她气得说不出话来。 （六）比较状语从句比较状语从句由than或as来引导。This problem is more difficult than that one (is). 这道题比那道题难。（七）目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that等引导。He studies hard so that he could work better in the future. (2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)（八）让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。Although I am tired, I must go on working.(2) 汉语中的“虽然但是”在英语中只用连词though就可以了，或单独使用but连接两个并列句也可以，但不能在一个句子中同时用这两个连词。不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.二、宾语从句（一）宾语从句的分类宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。Tha连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中常常省略。He knew (that) he should work hard.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等和连接副词when, where, why, how等引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。I wonder where he got so much money.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。He asked me whether (if) I could help him.（二）宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?注意：陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” à She said she would leave a message on the desk.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。.“Where are the tickets?” I asked him. à I asked him where the tickets were.（三） 宾语从句的时态宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，这就是时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。Please tell us where he is.He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.注意：当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.（四）宾语从句和状语从句的区分1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.2) I dont know if the train has arrived.句1）中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2）中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词dont know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。判断方法：1. 可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。2. 从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether， 词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当的时候”。3. 从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。三、 定语从句（一）定语从句的基本概念在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。This is the boy who often helps me.（二.）关系代词和关系副词的功用 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。I dont like people who talk much but do little.2. 作宾语She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.3. 作定语 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。Whats the name of the young man whose father is a doctor?4. 作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.（三）关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。 The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.（四）关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面。That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. （五） 特别提示1. 只用that,不用which 的情况：(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。All that he said is true. (2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。He is the only person that I want to talk with. (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2. 只用which，不用that 的情况：(1) 在非限制性定语从中。The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.名师点睛典例分类类型一、状语从句的引导词【例1】Dont get off the bus _it has stoppedAuntil Bif Cbecause Dthough【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意：公交车听了，再下车。until直到；if如果；because因为；though虽然。Notuntil直到才，是一个固定句型，所以选A。考点：考查连词。【点睛】本题考查了状语从句的引导词。本题主要区分几个引导时间状语从句的引导词。正确理解各个引导词的用法是解决此类问题的关键所在。【举一反三】1. -The air pollution is terrible.-It will be worse _ we take action to protect the environment.A. if B. unless C. until D. when【答案】B考点：考查状语从句的连词的用法辨析。2. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life weve in fact had that lesson.A. until B. after C. since D. When【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意为：我们很难从生活中获取教训，直到我们确实经历过。until：直到， after ：在之后，since：自从以来， When：当时候。根据语境可知，人的一生难以吸取教训的状态一直延续到真正有了教训，因此这里应用until引导时间状语从句。故应选A。考点：考查连词的用法。3. You will achieve nothing _ you work hard A . unless B .when C. if D. that【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意： 你将不会获得任何东西除非你努力工作。A 除非；B 当时候；C 如果；D 那个。结合语境故选A。考点：考查连词。 类型二、状语从句的时态【例2】When shall we go and play basketball?Not until the work _ tomorrow.A. will finish B. have finished C. will be finished D. is finished【答案】D考点：考查状语从句中的动词的时态及语态。【点睛】本题主要考查了含有状语从句的复合句的时态。我们一定要明确在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句应遵循“主将从现“的原则。【举一反三】1. The song reminded me of the old golden days as soon as it_. A. played B. plays C. is played D. was played【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：一播放这首歌曲我就想起过去金色的岁月。A. played 播放，动词过去式；B. plays 播放，动词第三人称单数；C. is played 被播放，一般现在时的被动语态；D. was played被播放，一般过去时的被动语态；as soon as一，就。Remind of，提醒，使想起。根据对话的意思可知选D。考点：考查状语从句中的动词时态。2. We will fly a kite as soon as your homework_ A . finishes B .will be finished C. has finished D. is finished【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意： 你的作业一完成我们就去放风筝。As soon as一就，引导时间状语从句，从句用一般现在时表将来，而且句子中用被动语态，故此题选D。考点：考查状语从句中动词的时态及被动语态。3. -May I play soccer with Tom now, Mum? -When all the homework _, you may go out to play. A finish B will finish C is finished D will be finished 【答案】C考点：状语从句中动词的时态及被动语态。类型三、宾语从句的语序及时态【例3】I dont know _. A. where can we buy the ticketsB. how much it costs to fly to ShanghaiC. who is he waiting forD. why was he late for school this morning【答案】B【解析】试题分析：句意：我不知道飞到上海的费用是多少。在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序，所以选B。考点：考查宾语从句。【点睛】本题考查了宾语从句的语序。一定要牢记在宾语从句的位置上只能用陈述句语序，不能使用疑问句语序。同时还必须明确宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，这就是时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态。【举一反三】1. - Im afraid I cant remember _. - In Beijing, I think. A. where did I first meet you B. where I first met you C. when I first met you D. why I first met you 【答案】B考点：考查宾语从句。2. Do you know _?Im not sure. Maybe an English teacher ?A. what the beautiful lady with glasses isB. what is the beautiful lady with glassesC. who the beautiful lady with glasses isD. who is the beautiful lady with glasses【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意：-你知道那个漂亮戴眼镜的女士是干什么的吗？-我不能确定。或许她是老师。根据答语Maybe he is a teacher可知前面是在谈论职业，该用疑问词what。所选句子处在宾语从句的位置上，只能用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序，所影响A。考点：考查宾语从句语序。3. -Can you find out our city _ a lot in the last few years?-Yes. The road is wider and the buildings are taller.A. has changed B. changes C. changed D. will change【答案】A考点：考查宾语从句中动词时态。类型四、定语从句的关系词的区分【例4】When she got home, the first thing _ she did was to clean the house. A. which B. who C. that D. what 【答案】C【解析】试题分析：句意：当她回到家里，她做的第一件事就是打扫房子。先行词thing在定语从句中作宾语，该用关系代词that代替，所以选C。考点：考查定语从句。【点睛】本题考查定语从句的关系代词。这里需要搞清每个关系代词的句法作用是顺利完成此类题型的关键。who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。【举一反三】1. Yesterday Li Ming went to the village _ he visited five years ago. A. where B. who C. that D. whom 【答案】C【解析】试题分析：句意：昨天李明去了他五年前参观的那个村庄。句中缺定语从句的关系词，先行词是village，指物，而且关系词在从句中做宾语，故此题选C。where是关系副词，在句中做状语；who指代人，句中做主语和宾语；whom指代人，做宾语。考点：考查定语从句。2. The girl _ is reading is my sister A . who B. whom C .which D. /【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意： 正在看书的那个女孩是我妹妹。句中缺的是定语从句的关系词，用来指代前面的先行词the girl，指代人，而且关系词在从句中做主语，故选A。whom指代人，在句中做宾语；which指代物。考点：考查定语从句。3. -Do you know Mo Yan？- Of course, I have read all the works of Mo Yan _got Nobel Prize in 2012.A. which B. what C. who D. whose【答案】C考点：考查定语从句。课时作业能力提升1. 一Do you know _ Jenny comes to school every day?一Of course I doShe rides her bikeAwhether Bwhen Chow Dwhy【答案】C【解析】试题分析：根据回答她经常骑自行车，可知上句问你知道珍妮每天怎样来学校吗？whether是否；when何时；how怎么；why为什么。问到校方式，所以选C。考点：考查宾语从句的连接词。2. Are you sure you have to ? Its been very late. I dont know _ I can do it if not now.A. whereB. whyC. howD. when【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：你确定你必须做吗？已经很晚了。如果现在不做，我不知道什么时候我能做。不管什么类型的宾语从句，总是用陈述语序，即：从句的连接词后是主语、谓语、宾语的语序，从句的时态要与主句的时态保持一致。结合句意，故选D考点：考查宾语从句的连接词3. Amy， do you know if Daniel _ to the farm with us tomorrow if it _? Sorry， Ive no idea.A. will go； will rainB. will go； rainsC. goes； will rain D. goes； rains【答案】B考点：考查从句的时态。4. -Could you tell me_? -More than a year. A. how soon will the new airport be built B. how long has the new airport been in serviceC. how soon the new airport will be built D. how long the new airport has been in service【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：-你能告诉我新机场已投入服务多长时间了？-一年多。A. how soon will the new airport be built新机场多久将建好？B. how long has the new airport been in service新机场多长时间能投入服务？C. how soon the new airport will be built新机场多久将被建好？D. how long the new airport has been in service新机场已投入服务多长时间。考查宾语从句的语序。根据意思可知选D。考点：考查宾语从句的语序及时态。5. Do you know _? Next month.A. when did our new teacher come here B. when will our new teacher come hereC. when our new teacher to come here D. when our new teacher will come here【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：你知道我们的新老师什么时候要来这吗？-下个月。此题考查宾语从句，宾语从句要用陈述句语序，根据句意，应选D。考点：考查宾语从句。6. -What were you and the policeman talking about? -He asked me_. A. why was I staying thereB. what I have been C. how could he get through the buildingD. whether I could help him 【答案】D考点：考查宾语从句。7. Could you tell me _? A .Where he lived B .where he lives C. where does