市场经济管理学及财务知识分析.pptx

6 THE ECONOMICS OF LABOR MARKETS劳动劳动市场经济学市场经济学The Economics of Labor Markets劳动市场经济学劳动市场经济学Chapter 18Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Markets for Factors of Production生产要素市场生产要素市场Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services.生产要素生产要素是指用于生产物品是指用于生产物品与劳务的投入。与劳务的投入。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Market for the Factors of ProductionThe demand for a factor of production is a derived demand.uA firms demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.生产要素市场生产要素市场生产要素的需求是生产要素的需求是 派生需求。派生需求。u企业的生产要素需求，是从它向企业的生产要素需求，是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策另一个市场供给物品的决策派生派生出来的。出来的。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Demand for Labor劳动需求劳动需求Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand.与经济中的其它市场一样，劳动市与经济中的其它市场一样，劳动市场也是由供求力量支配的。场也是由供求力量支配的。Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and DemandQuantity ofApples0Price ofApplesDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofApple Pickers0Wage ofApplePickers(a) The Market for Apples(b) The Market for Apple PickersPQLWHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图图1. 供给与需求的多样化供给与需求的多样化(a) 苹果市场苹果市场(b) 摘苹果工人市场摘苹果工人市场苹果的数量苹果的数量工人数量工人数量QLPW00苹果的苹果的价格价格摘苹果摘苹果工人的工人的工资工资需求需求需求需求供给供给供给供给Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Demand For Labor劳动需求劳动需求Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production of other goods.大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生产中。享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生产中。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数生产函数 说明用于生产一种物品的说明用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。Table 1 How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to HireCopyright2004 South-WesternHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.表表1. 竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量劳动劳动L产量产量Q劳动的边劳动的边际产量际产量MPL劳动的边际产量劳动的边际产量价值价值VMPL=PxMPL工资工资W边际利润边际利润001100100$1,000$500$500218080$800$500$300324060$600$500$100428040$400$500-$100530020$200$500-$300ProfitVMPLWMPLQ/L Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Figure 2 The Production Function生产函数生产函数00501001502002503003500123456Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量摘苹果工人数量Quantity of Apples苹果数量苹果数量 1 2 3 45Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor.MPL = Q/ LMPL = (Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1)Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数与劳动的边际产量劳动的边际产量劳动的边际产量增加的一个增加的一个单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。MPL = Q/ LMPL = (Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1)Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Production Function and the Marginal Product of LabornDiminishing Marginal Product of LaborAs the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor declines. As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to production than the prior one.The production function becomes flatter as the number of workers rises.This property is called diminishing marginal product.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数与劳动的边际产量n边际产量递减边际产量递减随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递减。减。 随着雇佣的工人越来越多，每个增加的随着雇佣的工人越来越多，每个增加的工人对苹果产量的贡献越来越小。工人对苹果产量的贡献越来越小。生产函数随着工人数量增加而变得越来生产函数随着工人数量增加而变得越来越平坦。越平坦。这种性质被称为这种性质被称为边际产量递减。边际产量递减。.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Figure 2 The Production Function生产函数生产函数00501001502002503003500123456Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量摘苹果工人数量Quantity of Apples苹果数量苹果数量 1 2 3 45Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for LaboruThe value of the marginal product is the marginal product of the input multiplied by the market price of the output.VMPL = MPL X P Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.劳动边际产量值与劳动需求劳动边际产量值与劳动需求u边际产量值边际产量值一种投入的边际产一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格。量乘以该产品的价格。VMPL = MPL X P Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for LaboruThe value of the marginal product (also known as marginal revenue product) is measured in dollars.uIt diminishes as the number of workers rises because the market price of the good is constant.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.劳动的边际产量值劳动的边际产量值u边际产量值（也被称为边际收益产边际产量值（也被称为边际收益产量）以美元计算。量）以美元计算。u如果产品价格不变，边际产量值随如果产品价格不变，边际产量值随着雇佣工人数量的增加而递减。着雇佣工人数量的增加而递减。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for LaboruTo maximize profit, the competitive, profit-maximizing firm hires workers up to the point where the value of marginal product of labor equals the wage. VMPL = WageHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.边际产量值与劳动需求边际产量值与劳动需求u为了实现利润最大化，一个竞争性的、为了实现利润最大化，一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业雇佣工人人数到追求利润最大化的企业雇佣工人人数到劳动的边际产量值等于工资这一点上。劳动的边际产量值等于工资这一点上。 边际产量值边际产量值 = 工资工资Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for Labor边际产量值与劳动需求边际产量值与劳动需求The value-of-marginal-product curve is the labor demand curve for a competitive, profit-maximizing firm.对一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业来对一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业来说，边际产量值曲线就是说，边际产量值曲线就是劳动需求曲线。劳动需求曲线。Figure 3 The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor0Quantity ofApple Pickers0Value of theMarginalProductValue of marginal product(demand curve for labor)MarketwageProfit-maximizing quantityHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图图3. 劳动的边际产量值劳动的边际产量值0摘苹果摘苹果工人数量工人数量0边际边际产量值产量值边际产量值边际产量值（劳动需求曲线）（劳动需求曲线）市场市场工资工资利润最大化产量利润最大化产量Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.FYIInput Demand and Output SupplynWhen a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product equals the wage, it also produces up to the point at which the price equals the marginal cost.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.参考资料：投入需求与产量供给参考资料：投入需求与产量供给当一个竞争性企业雇佣的劳动量到边际当一个竞争性企业雇佣的劳动量到边际产量值等于工资的一点时，它的产量也产量值等于工资的一点时，它的产量也就达到价格等于边际成本的一点。就达到价格等于边际成本的一点。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.What Causes the Labor Demand Curve to Shift?什么引起劳动需求曲线移动？什么引起劳动需求曲线移动？uOutput Price 产品价格产品价格uTechnological Change 技术变革技术变革uSupply of Other factors 其他要素的供给其他要素的供给Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Supply of LaboruThe labor supply curve reflects how workers decisions about the labor-leisure tradeoff respond to changes in opportunity cost.uAn upward-sloping labor supply curve means that an increase in the wages induces workers to increase the quantity of labor they supply.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.劳动供给劳动供给u劳动供给曲线反映了工人如何根据劳动供给曲线反映了工人如何根据机会成本的变动作出劳动机会成本的变动作出劳动闲暇闲暇权衡取舍的决策。权衡取舍的决策。u向上倾斜的劳动供给曲线意味着，向上倾斜的劳动供给曲线意味着，工资上升使工人增加他们供给的劳工资上升使工人增加他们供给的劳动量。动量。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor Market 劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡Supply 供给供给Wage (price of labor)工资（劳动的价格）工资（劳动的价格）Quantity of Labor劳动量劳动量0Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.What Causes the Labor Supply Curve to Shift?什么引起劳动供给曲线移动？什么引起劳动供给曲线移动？uChanges in Tastes 嗜好变动嗜好变动uChanges in Alternative Opportunities 可供选择机会的改变可供选择机会的改变uImmigration 移民移民Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium in the Labor Market劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡uThe wage adjusts to balance the supply and demand for labor. 工资调整使劳动的供求平衡。工资调整使劳动的供求平衡。uThe wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor. 工资等于劳动的边际产量值。工资等于劳动的边际产量值。Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor MarketCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemandEquilibriumwage, WEquilibriumemployment, LHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.均衡就业量均衡就业量, L图图4. 劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡供给供给工资工资 (劳动的价格劳动的价格)劳动量劳动量0需求需求均衡工资均衡工资, WHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium in the Labor Market劳动市场的均衡劳动市场的均衡uLabor supply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage. 劳动供给和需求共同决定了均衡工资。劳动供给和需求共同决定了均衡工资。uShifts in the supply or demand curve for labor cause the equilibrium wage to change. 劳动供给或劳动需求曲线的移动引起均衡工劳动供给或劳动需求曲线的移动引起均衡工资变动。资变动。Figure 5 A Shift in Labor SupplyCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupply, SDemand2. . . . reducesthe wage . . .3. . . . and raises employment.1. An increase inlabor supply . . .SWLWLHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图图5. 劳动供给的移动劳动供给的移动工资工资(劳动的价格劳动的价格)W10劳动量劳动量L1供给供给, S1 需求需求2. 工资工资 下降下降3. 以及就业增加。以及就业增加。1. 劳动供给增加劳动供给增加S2 W2 L2Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.A Shift in Labor SupplyuAn increase in the supply of labor :uResults in a surplus of labor.uPuts downward pressure on wages.uMakes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.uResults in diminishing marginal product.uLowers the value of the marginal product.uGives a new equilibrium. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.劳动供给的移动劳动供给的移动u劳动供给移动劳动供给移动 :u导致劳动过剩；导致劳动过剩；u引起工资下降的压力；引起工资下降的压力；u使企业多雇佣工人有利可图；使企业多雇佣工人有利可图；u导致工人的边际产量递减；导致工人的边际产量递减；u降低了边际产量值；降低了边际产量值；u达到新的均衡。达到新的均衡。Figure 6 A Shift in Labor DemandCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemand, D2. . . . increasesthe wage . . .3. . . . and increases employment.DWLWL1. An increase inlabor demand . . .Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图图6. 劳动需求的移动劳动需求的移动工资工资(劳动的价格）劳动的价格）W10劳动量劳动量L1供给供给需求需求, D12. 工资工资上升上升3. 以及就业增加以及就业增加1. 劳动需求增加劳动需求增加D2 W2 L2 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Shifts in Labor DemanduAn increase in the demand for labor :uMakes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.uPuts upward pressure on wages.uRaises the value of the marginal product.uGives a new equilibrium. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.劳动需求的移动劳动需求的移动u劳动需求的移动劳动需求的移动 :u使企业雇佣更多工人有利可图了；使企业雇佣更多工人有利可图了；u引起工资上升的压力；引起工资上升的压力；u提高了边际产量值；提高了边际产量值；u得到新的均衡。得到新的均衡。Table 2 Productivity and Wage Growth in the United States.Copyright2004 South-WesternHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.表表2. 美国的生产率与工资增长美国的生产率与工资增长时时期期 生生产产率率增增长长率率 工工资资增增长长率率 1959 - 2000 2.0 2.0 1959 - 1973 2.9 3.0 1973 - 1995 1.3 1.1 1995 -2000 2.6 2.9 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Productivity and Wage Growth around the WorldCountryGrowth Rate of ProductivityGrowth Rate of Real WagesSouth Korea8.57.9Hong Kong5.54.9Singapore5.35.0Indonesia4.04.4Japan3.62.0India3.13.4United Kingdom2.42.4United States1.70.5Brazil0.4-2.4Mexico-0.2-3.0Argentina-0.9-1.3Iran-1.4-7.9Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.世界各国与地区的生产率与工资增长世界各国与地区的生产率与工资增长国家国家生产率增长率生产率增长率工资增长率工资增长率South Korea8.57.9Hong Kong5.54.9Singapore5.35.0Indonesia4.04.4Japan3.62.0India3.13.4United Kingdom2.42.4United States1.70.5Brazil0.4-2.4Mexico-0.2-3.0Argentina-0.9-1.3Iran-1.4-7.9Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Three Determinants of ProductivityuPhysical CapitaluWhen workers work with a larger quantity of equipment and structures, they produce more.uHuman CapitaluWhen workers are more educated, they produce more.uTechnological KnowledgeuWhen workers have access to more sophisticated technologies, they produce more.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.生产率的三个决定因素生产率的三个决定因素u物质资本物质资本u当工人用于工作的设备和建筑物越多时，他们当工人用于工作的设备和建筑物越多时，他们生产的就越多。生产的就越多。u人力资本人力资本u当工人受教育越多时，他们生产的就越多。当工人受教育越多时，他们生产的就越多。u技术知识技术知识u当工人使用越先进的技术时，他们生产的就越当工人使用越先进的技术时，他们生产的就越多。多。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Other Factors of Production: Land and CapitaluCapital refers to the stock of equipment and structures used for production.uThe economys capital represents the accumulation of goods produced in the past that are being used in the present to produce new goods and services.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.其它生产要素其它生产要素: 土地和资本土地和资本u资本资本 是指生产物品与劳务的设备与是指生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物的存量。建筑物的存量。u经济中的资本表现在正用于生产新物品经济中的资本表现在正用于生产新物品和劳务的过去生产的物品的积累。和劳务的过去生产的物品的积累。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Other Factors of Production: Land and CapitalnPrices of Land and CapitalThe purchase price is what a person pays to own a factor of production indefinitely.The rental price is what a person pays to use a factor of production for a limited period of time.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.其它生产要素其它生产要素: 土地和资本土地和资本n土地和资本的价格土地和资本的价格购买价格购买价格 是一个人为了无限期地拥是一个人为了无限期地拥有那些生产要素而支付的价格。有那些生产要素而支付的价格。租赁价格租赁价格 是一个人为了在一个有限是一个人为了在一个有限时期内使用那些生产要素而支付的价时期内使用那些生产要素而支付的价格。格。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium in Markets for Land and CapitaluThe rental price of land and the rental price of capital are determined by supply and demand. uThe firm increases the quantity hired until the value of the factors marginal product equals the factors price.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.土地和资本市场的均衡土地和资本市场的均衡u土地与资本的租赁价格是由供给和需土地与资本的租赁价格是由供给和需求决定的。求决定的。 u企业会一直增加租用量，直到要素的边企业会一直增加租用量，直到要素的边际产量值等于要素的价格时为止。际产量值等于要素的价格时为止。Figure 7 The Markets for Land and CapitalQuantity ofLand0RentalPrice ofLandDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofCapital0RentalPrice ofCapitalQP(a) The Market for Land(b) The Market for CapitalPQHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图图7. 土地和资本市场土地和资本市场土地量土地量资本量资本量QQPP00土地的租土地的租赁价格赁价格资本的租资本的租赁价格赁价格需求需求需求需求供给供给供给供给(a) 土地市场土地市场(b) 资本市场资本市场Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium in Markets for Land and CapitaluEach factors rental price must equal the value of their marginal product. uThey each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production process.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.土地和资本市场的均衡土地和资本市场的均衡u每种要素的租赁价格每种要素的租赁价格 一定等于那一定等于那种要素的边际产量值。种要素的边际产量值。u每种要素各自赚到了它们对生产过每种要素各自赚到了它们对生产过程的边际贡献的价值。程的边际贡献的价值。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Linkages Among the Factors of