新概念英语第四册笔记-完整版(74页).doc

-新概念英语第四册笔记-完整版-第 73 页L1 Finding fossil manWe can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas-legends handeddown from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.New words and expressionsrecount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次record / ' rekd/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount : emotionless 重复describedepict： a little emotionalnarrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。portray：描述saga /'sa:g/ n.英雄故事 描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事legend /'ledVnd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthrop：人 philosophere :philosopher|爱智慧哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 leave me rot.leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your tracei follow where you gopolynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wifeflint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting heartedfossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石read of 读到谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north africfar east 非限定性从句，表原因oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language.precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart: two things or two people have the same positionoral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民 ）migrant ）immigrantv. migrate:迁移，迁徙migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body peoples 民族 if they had any: 即便是有his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves howeveranywhere you want ,加逗号but,yet不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentencetherefore自由so自由 tool:小工具instrument:实验器械equipment:设备 shape:成型；教育，改造may also have:表推测 peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮 without (any) trace:无影无踪L 2 Spare that spiderWhy, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible.for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or ourbelongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The ListenerNew words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分 herd多指牛群 cowherd cowboythrong and crowd swarmowe vt.感激欠 i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠 issueoblige indebt appreciate-常用口语词 正式：grateful thankfulbeastn 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容 creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性Fraction小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will sufficeon ones behalf 代表利益I beat you on your  on behalf of somebody /something on behalf of chinese government on behalf of representauthority /C:WCriti/      authorize批准 authoritative权威性的 authoritarian独裁的tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator独裁者   dictatorial独裁的authorities 权威（可单数可复数） 当局（复数）census /senss/   the fifth national population census.    censor审查        censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的acre /eik/  acresquare metersfootball pitch 足球场 football yard   football court  football fieldbe content with 满足于  满足作表语，不能出现定语结构He is content with status quo.contented heart :心满意足的人spare /spZ/ v. 不伤害，宽恕  spare me    He doesn't spare himself.I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什么)Notes on the textwhy, you may wonderyou may wonder why插入语 先不管插入语，弄清句子结构you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定why以疑问句 开头why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted. destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tear into piecesgreatest enemies:天敌   dying enemy  crying enemydear enemyhuman race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头It is impossible for somebody to do something.likely可以以人做主语。i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主语 they would表示假设devour狼吞虎咽devour the foodmake a cake of myself make a god of myself  devour the bookit虚拟语气  前面是主句，下面是条件句前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时If it were not for:如果这不是因为I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.but for 一定是虚拟语气 if it were not forowe感激，欠  i owe you.引出主题all of them put together:把他们堆到一起     谓语动词是killdestroyed后置定语，重心转到spiderL 3 MattonhornModern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal-the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could-sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.New words and expressions1、 alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n登山运动员climber mountaineer词根：alp- Alps(1.16)/$lps/ n阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj阿尔卑斯山的2、 attain(1.4)/+'tein/ v到达to get toto arrive at/into attain one's goal=realizeto attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点attain youth 永葆青春attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment3、perilous(1.5)/'peril+s/adj危险的 peril   （随时可能出现的）危险avalanche雪崩4、shudder (1.5)/'M)d+/ v不寒而栗shudder:quick and suddentremble:long and very obviousquiver:excitement ,maybe coldshiver: cold and nervous5、 go out of one's way  专门 by the way 顺路 too much for me 受不起6、 court （multiple  meanings 多义词）1） 朝廷    朝臣courtier2） courteous彬彬有礼的3） 法庭4） 娱乐场 足球场soccer/football court高尔夫球场golf court5） 追求6） 招致   骄兵必败pride courts failure7、 solitary(1.6)/'s&lrt+ri/adj唯一的sol-独 solo独唱  独奏solitude 孤独I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.8、 pioneer(1.2)/?pai+'n+/ v开辟，倡导；n先锋，开辟者9、 impoverish(11.9-10)/$m'p&v+rM/v使贫困 poor（口语词）罗素名言：A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can secure  completeruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj粗劣的coarse throat 嗓子哑sore throat嗓子发炎coarse fare 粗粮refined fair细粮coarse and refinedin a coarse manner粗暴无礼11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v自恃有用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有He boasted that of his knowledge.The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.)12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n教区居民parish教区13、shepherd(1.14)/'Mep+d/n牧羊人 sheepshep  羊 herd    兽群14、linen(1.15)/'linin/n亚麻布床单Notes on the text1、Route  路线 Road   道路2、good sports :stimulus 刺激    thrilling 震撼、兴奋3、regardregard sb with sth(感情词love hatredhorrorrespect)Dad, I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。4、pineering days, ancient (先人时期)5、not at all 根本不  case这回事6、be doing 表达当时的行动（状态）7、top:顶点 summit 山顶   peak山顶The scenery is at the peak of  the mountain.无限风光在险峰。I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。Summit meeting峰会8、 attain  到达 conquer 征服9、be of the most perilous naturenature  特点、特性the most perilous difficulties and dangers学会be of the + adj+noun  结构He is the kindest man. =He is the man of the kindest man.10、equipped 表示当时的一种伴随。11、in a manner 以这样的方式12、make sb do sth  (省to 结构)13、at the thought 一想到 ，mention一提到,idea 一想到这个结构后面加介词of  原文即 at the thought of their poor equipment14、go out of one's way 刻意   intentionally  eye catching引人注目的15、the real living conditions 真实生存状况16、nowadays 插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除18、tend to be 倾向于19、settlement 生存地、驻扎地20、cut off=which are cut off21、flea ridden跳蚤22、as they were 可以这么说，插入语  还有as it wereThis book is , as it were, his life portrait.这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。23、local当地的24、wine低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic酒鬼25、boast 拥有 priest牧师 shepherd牧羊人 invariably=all the same26、dirt and poverty， and very uncomfortable （结构不符合习惯，不可学）27、course一道菜28、must have been表推测29、be accustomed to ,be used to + 名词、动名词I am used to the life in Bejing.I am used to living in Bejing.30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack快餐 晚餐：dinner31、the change toEducation brings great change to his outlook/view on life.教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。L 4 Seeing HandsIn the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. lt was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.New words and expressions1、Perceive   察觉，瞬间感觉到的   to make out 费尽心机辨出I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother, finally I make her out .Yeah, I remembered, I finally make him out.I perceive a fly in my teacup.2、elbow one's way (用肘)挤出elbow one's way out of the L5 No Room in the ArkThe gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones havebeen mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our ancestral past. Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals he loved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who ha