“环境生态与可持续发展”观摩教学教案.doc

Plant Physiology（双语）教学教案任课教师：王晓峰 教授单 位：生命科学学院植物学系授课班级：生科丁颖班、农学丁颖班等Introduction计划学时：2 h一. 教学目的了解植物生理学的对象、内容、产生和发展及发展趋势。二. 教学重点植物生理学的内容及发展趋势，植物生理学与分子生物学的关系。三. 教学难点植物生理学的发展趋势四. 教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。五. 教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六. 教学过程l Introduction of my research work briefly (5 min)l Concept of plant physiology and main contents and chapters of this course (20 min)l Tasks of plant physiology（20 min）Some examples: Photoperiod, Solution culture, Water culture, Senescence, Ethylene, Tissue culture, Plant growth substance, Photomorphogenesis, Etiolation.l Establishment and development of plant physiology（30 min）In ancient China and western countriesExperimentally/scientificallyJ.von Liebigs workModern plant physiology. Establishment and development of plant physiology in China.l Perspectives of plant physiology（10 min）Five problems of human beings : Food, Energy, Environment, Resources, Populationl Summary of the contents of introduction（5 min）Chapter 1 Water Metabolism教学章节：植物对水分的需要、植物细胞对水分的吸收、植物根系对水分的吸收、蒸腾作用、植物体内水分的运输、合理灌溉的生理基础计划学时：3 h一、教学目的通过本章学习，主要了解植物对水分吸收、运输及蒸腾作用的基本原理，认识维持植物水分平衡的重要性，为合理灌溉提供理论基础。二、教学重点（1） 植物细胞对水分的吸收（2） 植物根系对水分的吸收（3） 气孔运动的机理三、教学难点植物细胞水势的概念及其组成四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min）1.1 Water requirement of plant （25 min）1.1.1 Moisture content of plantWater content of different kinds of plant; Same plants under different environments; Different organs and tissues of one plant.1.1.2 State of water in plant bodyBound water and free water, ratio of free water to bound water1.1.3 Functions of water in plant lifeMain component of protoplast, Participates directly in metabolism, Solvent for substance absorption and transportation, Keep plants in their shape.1.2 Water absorption by plant cell（30 min）1.2.1 Osmotic absorption of water by plant cellFree energy and water potentialWater potential of solutions: Negative, Why?Components of w of plant cells: w=s+p +mSolute /osmotic potentialPressure potentialMatric potentialMembranes of plant cells are selectively permeable membranes(Mature) plant cell is an osmotic systemWater movement between cells1.2.2 Imbibition of plant cellCellulose in CW, Proteins in protoplast, Starches in cytoplasm are Hydrophilic colloid1.2.3 Transmembrane pathway(s) of water movementIndividual water molecules/Diffusion: through bilayer of phospholipids of membranesBulk flow: water channel proteins1.3 Water absorption by roots （30 min）1.3.1 Site and PathwaysSite: Root hair zonePathwaysapoplast pathwaytransmembrane pathwaysymplast pathway 1.3.2 Motive powerRoot pressure: Bleeding, Guttation, Mechanism of root pressure ?Transpiration pull1.3.3 Factors influencing the water absorption by rootsIn the soil:Available water in the soil ?Air conditions in the soil: sunny, rainSoil temperature:iceConcentration of soil solutions: after fertilizationIn the air?1.4 Transpiration （30 min）Concept1.4.1 Physiological functions of transpirationMain driving force for water absorption and transportation: How about root pressure?Absorption and transportation of minerals and organic compoundsCool down the leaves: latent heat of vaporization; sweat1.4.2 Stomatal transpirationStomatal structureMechanism of stomatal movement: Why open in the day, close at night?starch-sugar conversion theoryinorganic ion uptake theorymalate production theoryThree theories combined1.4.3 Factors influencing transpirationLightTemperatureConcentration of CO2WaterWindPlant hormones: Abscisic Acid (ABA)1.5 Water transportation in plant body（30 min）1.5.1 PathwayFrom soil to rootFrom root to leafFrom leaf to substomatal cavity1.5.2 RateThrough living cells: slowIn xylem: fast (3-45 m/h)1.5.3 Power of water transportation in xylemRoot pressure: pushTranspiration: pullHow can water columns in xylem keep continuous?1.6 Physiological bases of rational irrigation（25 min）Critical period of waterSoil indexMorphological indexPhysiological indexSummary of the contents of this chapter（5 min）Chapter 2 Mineral Nutrition of Plant教学章节：植物必需的矿质元素、植物细胞对矿质元素的吸收、植物对矿质元素的吸收、无机养料的同化、矿物质在植物体内的运输、合理施肥的生理基础。计划学时：2 h一、教学目的通过本章的学习, 要求学生掌握: 植物的必需元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。熟悉: 怎样应用矿质理论为农林业生产服务。二、教学重点1) 植物的必需矿质元素及其在植物体内的生理作用；2) 矿质元素的吸收和运输途径。三、教学难点（1） 植物必需矿质元素的生理作用；（2） 矿质元素的吸收途径。四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主，结合课堂提问。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min）2.1 Essential Minerals of Plant（25 min）2.1.1 Elements in plant bodymore than 602.1.2 Essential elements of plantWhat is essential element? One whose absence prevents a plant from completing its life cycle; One that has a clear and direct physiological role, if absent, there will be unique deficiencies or plant disorders.How to determine? Delete or addSoil cultureSand cultureSolution culture/Water culture/HydroponicsMacronutrients: C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S 、SiMicronutrients: Fe、Mn、B、Cu、 Zn、 Mo、Cl 、Ni 、Na 2.1.3 Physiological Functions of Essential ElementsDiscuss physiological functions of each essential mineral elementSummary of essential nutrient functionsGroup 1: part of carbon compoundsN; SGroup 2: important in energy storage or structural integrityP; Si; BGroup 3: remain in ionic formK; Ca; Mg; Cl; Mn; NaGroup 4: involved in redox reactionsFe; Zn; Cu; Ni; Mo2.2 Absorption of Minerals by Plant Cell（15 min）2.2.1 Passive absorptionSimple DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion Channel protein, ion channelCarrier2.2.2 Active absorptionAgainst gradient, extra energy required.Carrier, transporter, porter, permease, penetrase, transport enzymeInorganic ion uptake theory2.2.3 PinocytosisDrink/swallow; no selectivity2.3 Absorption of Minerals by Plant（15 min）2.3.1 SiteRoot hair zoneFolia application?2.3.2 Processes by rootCation exchange on the surface of soil particles (from particles to soil solution)Ions are adsorbed on the surface of roots (from soil solution to root surface)From root surface to the parenchyma of xylem: symplast and apoplastFrom parenchyma to conducting cells of xylem(xylem loading)2.3.3 Processes by leaf (folia nutrition)Processes by leaf (folia nutrition)Stomata？Cuticular layer: gaps2.3.4 Characteristics of mineral absorption by roots(Rate) different from water absorptionSelective absorptionPhysiologically acid saltPhysiologically alkaline saltPhysiologically alkaline salt Toxicity of single salt 2.3.5 Factors influencing mineral absorption by rootsTemperatureAir conditionsConcentration of solutions: amount of carrierspH of soil solutions Proteins in the cell: + or Solubility of ions: acid (P, K, Ca, Mg; Al, Fe, Mn) alkalic (Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn)Activities of microorganism2.4 Assimilation of mineral nutrients（15 min）2.4.1 Nitrate assimilation(Absorbed) NO3NO2NH3Nitrate reductase: FAD, Cytb557, MoCoNitrite reductase: chloroplasts in leaves2.4.2 Ammonium assimilationReduced amination TransaminationFormation of asparagine and glutamine2.4.3 Biological nitrogen fixation2.4.4 Sulfur assimilationSulfate activationSulfate reduction2.4.5 Phosphate assimilation2.5 Mineral transportation in plant body（20 min）2.5.1 Transportation form2.5.2 Transportation pathwaysSurgical + Radioactive isotope From root upward: xylem; xylemphloemFrom leaf upward: phloem ; phloem xylem then upward downward: phloem 2.5.3 Transportation rate2.5.4 Distribution of minerals in plant bodyMetabolic active parts: mobile elementsOlder parts: immobile elements2.6 Physiological basis of fertilizing（20 min）2.6.1 Mineral requirement of cropsDifferent cropsDifferent growth periods of one crop2.6.2 Indexes of fertilizingMorphological indexesPhysiological indexesSummary of the contents of this chapter（5 min）Chapter 3 Photosynthesis教学章节：光合作用的重要性、叶绿体及叶绿体色素、光合作用的机理、影响光合作用的因素、植物对光能的利用计划学时：4 h一、教学目的通过本章的学习使学生掌握光合作用的意义、过程（机理）、环境条件对光合作用的影响及光合作用的器官和光合色素等。二、教学重点（1） 光合作用的机理（2） 影响光合作用的外界因素三、教学难点光合作用的机理四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min）3.1 The discovery of photosynthesis（5 min）1771, Joseph Priestly: Sprig of mint/candle, “oxygen”1779, Jan Ingenhousz: Light1782, J. Senebier：CO2 and O21804, N. T. de Saussure: H2O and CO2=O2 1864, J. Sachs: CH2O (Starch grain/light)3.2 The importance of photosynthesis（10 min）Green factory to produce organic compoundsEnergy transformationSource of oxygen3.3 Chloroplast and chloroplast pigments（30 min）3.3.1 Site of photosynthesis3.3.2 Structure and chemical components of chloroplastMorphology: flat and ellipsoid Movement of chloroplastStructure: 2DStructure: 3DChemical components:3.3.3 Chemical characteristics of photosynthetic pigmentsChlorophylls: color, solubility, structureCarotenoids: color, solubility, structurePhycobilins/Phycobiliproteins: color, structure3.3.4 Optical characteristics of photosynthetic pigmentsIrradiation energyAbsorption spectrumFluorescence and PhosphorescencePhosphorescence3.3.5 Biosynthesis and Breakdown of Chlorophyll3.4 Mechanism of Photosynthesis3.4.1 Absorption and Transfer of Solar Energy（40 min）Light-harvesting /Antenna pigments: most Chl a; all Chl b, carotenoids and phycobilinsReaction center pigments: few special Chl a3.4.2 Conversion of Solar Energy to Electric Energy（15 min）Donor . P . AcceptorDonor +. P . Acceptor -How Two Photosystems Were Discoveried ?Red dropEnhancement effect/Emerson effectComponents of PSI and PSII3.4.3 Electron and Proton Transport（30 min）PathwaysPS II ComplexesOECOxygen evolving (Water Oxidizing Clock) PS I ComplexesCytochrome b6f complex3.4.4 Photosynthetic phosphorylation（25 min）DefinitionMechanism: Chemiosmotic hypothesis (P. Mitchell, 1961)ATP Synthase or Coupling factorCyclic / Noncyclic photophosphorylationAssimilatory power3.4.5 Carbon assimilation（25 min）Location: stroma of chloroplast3 pathways:The Calvin cycle (M. Calvin)Regulation of the Calvin CycleThe Hatch-Slack PathwayCAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)3.4.5.4 Photorespiration（25 min）ConceptPathway (in three organelles)Biological Function of Photorespiration is UnknownWhy photosynthetic rate of C4 plants is much more higher than that of C3 plants?Special leaf anatomic featuresPhysiological features3.4.5.5 Synthesis of Starch and Sucrose（5 min）3. 5 Factors influencing photosynthesis（25 min）Three concepts:Photosynthetic rateApparent photosynthetic rate= Net photosynthetic rateTrue photosynthetic rateLightLight intensityPhotoinhibitionLight of different wavelengthCO2TemperatureWaterEssential mineral elements3. 6 Solar energy utilization of plants（5 min）3. 6 .1 Efficiency for solar energy utilization3. 6 .2 How to increase photosynthetic rate?Summary of the contents of this chapter（5 min） Chapter 4 Translocation in the phloem教学章节：有机物短距离运输、有机物长距离运输、有机物长距离运输的机理、外界条件对有机物运输的影响、植物体有机物的分配。计划学时：2 h一、教学目的通过本节课程的学习，了解有机物运输的种类，掌握有机物运输的途径和有机物长距离运输的机理，熟悉有机物分配的规律。二、教学重点(1) 机物运输的途径和有机物长距离运输的机理(2) 有机物分配的规律三、教学难点（1） 机物运输的途径和有机物长距离运输的机理（2） 有机物分配的规律四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主，结合课堂提问。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min）4.1 Pathways of Translocation（25 min）Review pathways of water and mineral transportation? Photosynthetic products are translocated in phloem!How do we know?Girdling/Isotope tracing/Isotope tracing+surgical treatment4.2 Rate of movement（2 min）4.3 Materials translocated in the phloem（13 min）How do we know?Chemical components of phloem sapWaterDry substancesSucrose: 90% of dry weightRaffinose, Stachyose and Verbascose: fewAmino acidsHormonesInorganic ions: K, P, Cl, etc.ProteinsOrganic acids4.4 Phloem loading（10 min）In mesophyll cells: Chloroplast CytosolFrom mesophyll cells Phloem parenchyma cellsFrom phloem parenchyma cells Sieve elementsCharacteristics of phloem loading4.5 The mechanism of translocation in the phloem（20 min）4.5.1 Pressure flow theory4.5.2 Cytoplasmic pumping theory4.5.3 Contractile protein theory4.5.3 Phloem unloadingSieve elements Receiver cells4.6 Factors influencing phloem translocation（5 min）Temperature: respirationPlant hormones: IAA and ABAMineral elements: B, P and K4.7 Photosynthate allocation and partitioning（5 min）AllocationDirection of partitioningLaws of partitioningSource abilityCompetitive/ Sink abilityTransport abilitySummary of the contents of this chapter（5 min）Chapter 5 Respiration教学章节：呼吸作用的概念及其生理意义、植物的呼吸代谢途径、生物氧化、呼吸过程中能量的贮存和利用、呼吸作用的调节和控制、影响呼吸作用的因素、呼吸作用与农业生产。计划学时：2 h一、教学目的通过本章的学习, 要求学生掌握: 糖分解的代谢途径和能量的产生、利用; 呼吸作用与农业生产的关系。熟悉影响呼吸作用的内外因素; 怎样应用呼吸原理为农林业生产服务。二、教学重点1）呼吸作用的概念和意义2）糖分解的代谢途径和能量的产生利用。三、教学难点1）糖分解的代谢途径2）呼吸作用的调节四、教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主，结合课堂提问。五、教学用具多媒体硬件支持。六、教学过程Introduction of main contents of this chapter（5 min）5.1 Concept and physiological functions of respiration（20 min）5.1.1 Concept of respirationPhotorespirationDark respirationAerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration5.1.2 Physiological functions of respirationEnergy supply: ATP, heatIntermediates supply5.2 Location of respiration（5 min）CytosolGlycolysisPentose phosphate pathwayMitochondrionTricarboxylic acid cycleElectron transport and oxidative phosphorylation5.3 Pathways of respiration（85 min）How oxygen is absorbed?How carbohydrates are broken down and carbon dioxide is produced ?How energy is liberated?5.3.1 GlycolysisEMP pathway: G. Embden, O. Meyerhof and J. K. ParnasGlycolysis: Hexose (6C) Pyruvate (3C) Location: CytosolFermentation: alcohol or lactic acid5.3.2 Tricarboxylic acid cyclePyruvateCO2; H2OKrebs cycle (H. Krebs)Location: Mitochondrion (Matrix)5.3.3 Pentose phosphate pathwayHMP: Hexose monophosphate pathwayLocation: cytosolRegeneration: 6x 5C5 x 6CPhysiological functions of PPP:NADPH: fatty acid, etc.Intermediates: Ru5P, R5P, etc.5.3.4 Electron transport and ATP synthesis Electron transportRespiratory chain/ Electron transport chainOxidative phosphorylationChemiosmotic hypothesisMultiple electron transport pathways:Cytochrome oxidase: Cu, FeAlternative oxidase: Fe/Cyanide resistant respirationPhenol oxidase: mono-, poly-; CuAscorbic acid oxidase: Cu; Sexual reproductionFlavin oxidase: oxidation of fatty acids5.4 Storage and utilization of energy during respiration（15 min）Energy liberated: heat and ATPOxidative phosphorylationSubstrate-level phosphorylati