高中英语必修五第一单元知识点讲义及习题(7页).doc

-高中英语必修五第一单元知识点讲义及习题-第 7 页必修五Unit1讲义characteristic n. 特征；特性 指某人或某物天生有别于他人的内部特质Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing. character （高考三大意思）1. 表示人的“性格”或“品质”They are twins but have quite different characters. It's that kind of courage and determination that makes him such a remarkable character 2. 表示小说或戏剧等中的“人物”或“角色”，是可数名词。如：Who is the main character in the play? 3. 表示“文字”，指书写符号或印刷符号等，是可数名词。如：He writes beautiful characters. Chinese character 汉字analyse sb's character   build and form one's character   radium n. 镭painter n. 画家；油漆匠必修注意：paint做动词两个意思：1. 绘画 2. 粉刷，油漆put forward 提出；把时钟往前拨，把东西往前移（常忘记的词组）Who put forward a theory about black holes?He put forward a new plan. Put your watch forward; it's five minutes slower. Why don't you put your chair forward to get a better view? put down 记下；放下；镇压put out 熄灭put aside 放在一边；储存；保留 put off 推迟；延期put up；举起；张贴；搭建 put on 穿上；上映，上演；增加put away 收好，整理，归类The band are hoping to put on a UK show before the end of the year.I can eat what I want but I never put on weight We should put aside our differences and discuss the things we have in commonscientific adj. 科学的conclude vt. & vi. 结束；推断出conclusion n. 结论；结束draw a conclusion 提出结论analyse vt. 分析infect vt. 传染；感染（病毒，疾病），或者污染（比如说水质被污染不干净了）affect effect 辨析 affect强调影响的动作，过程。（做动词）The divorce affected Jim deeplyClimate and weather affect every aspect of our lives effect强调影响的结果（一般做名词，有时也动词），常接句型：have an effect on sth.If an area is affected by flooding, the effect can be devastating。infectious adj. 传染的defeat vt. 打败；战胜；使受挫n. 失败辨析win, beat与defeatwin “赢得”赛事、战事、某物；beat “战胜”“击败”比赛中的对手，可与defeat互换We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.They won the battle but lost many men.The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.expert adj. 熟练的；经验或知识丰富的n.专家；行家attend vt. 照顾；护理；出席；参加 （照顾可加to也可不加）attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting/schoolattend to : to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顾，看护The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her.Mother had to attend to her sick son.physician n. 医生；内科医师 physicist:物理学家doctor 医生,是个通用词,几乎什么场合都能用.physician 主要是指“内科医生”,与“外科医生（surgeon）（此单词要背）”相对,当然在美语中我也经常听到普通医生也说surgeon.expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光exposeto（to做介词） 使显露；暴露But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.(书本原句) 但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通人时，他就感到很振奋。exposed to cholera 在句中是过去分词作后置定语，表示被动。意为“患霍乱的”。如：The book written by Luxun is very popular. The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. expose sb/sth to sth He exposes his skin to the sun. be exposed to sth.(to做介词)His skin is exposed to the sun We are supposed to be exposed to as much art and culture as possible.deadly adj. 致命的cure n. 治愈；痊愈 vt. 治愈；治疗outbreak n. 爆发；发作（尤指疾病或战争）challenge n. 挑战 vt. 向挑战victim n. 受害者victim是受害人，受伤或在意外中死亡的人都可以称为victimNot all the victims survived.sufferer是受难者或患病者，一般指遭受苦难或患病的人absorb vt. 吸收；吸引；使专心 句型：be absorbed in(1)专注，聚精会神be absorbed input ones heart into = concentrate on 集中精力做某事I was absorbed in a book and didnt hear your call. Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.（2）吸收，把吸收入 Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光线。The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.suspect vt. 怀疑 n. 被怀疑者；嫌疑犯enquiry n. 询问 (此单词高考少见，不过生活中倒是见得多，=inquiry)比如说某个单位的问询处，公安办案的询问，都是此单词neighbourhood n. 附近；邻近 in the neighborhood 在附近severe adj. 严重的；剧烈的；严厉的 (=so serious)I was caught in a severe storm last night and couldnt go back home in time.He has such a severe illness that he has been in hospital. I suffered a severe attack of toothache.clue adj. 线索；提示pump n. 泵；抽水机 vt. （用泵）抽（水）Cambridge 剑桥大街foresee vt. 预见；预知fore为前缀：在前面，在以前。由此可得出很多词汇的大概意思forearm n. 前臂 forehead n. 前额foresight n. 先见之明,远见,深谋远虑 foretaste n. 预尝,先试foretell v. 预言,预测 forewarn v. 预先警告foreword n. 前言,引言,序 forecast v./n. foreground n. 前景 （background 背景）investigate vt. & vi. 调查investigation n. 调查blame vt. 责备；谴责 过失；责备blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.因某事责备某人They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人 The police blamed the traffic accident on jacks careless driving.be to blame for(doing)sth 因(做)某事某人应该受到谴责；注意:be to blame应受责备（主动表被动）；应负责任The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.pollute vt. 污染；弄脏handle n. 柄；把手 vt. 处理；操纵 = deal with （此单词两个意思老会忘记其中一个，必须牢记）germ n. 微生物；细菌link vt. & n. 连接；联系linkto 将和联系或连接起来announce vt. 宣布；通知certainty n. 确信；确实instruct vt. 命令；指示；教导responsible adj. 有责任的；负责的 （be responsible for 对.有责任）名词形式为 responsibility 责任初学此单词及其容易与response混淆response n. 回应，回复 （the response to）,动词形式为respondThere has been no response to his remarks from the government construct vt. 建设；修建construction n. 建设；建筑物 （under construction 在建设当中）contribute vt. & vi. 捐献，贡献；导致，助于1.此单词初三学过一个短语为 make a contribution to（为.作出贡献）This invention made a major contribution to road safety.2. His research has contributed a lot to our understanding of this disease.He promised to contribute $5,000 to the school rebuilding project.3. contribute to可表示“导致，促成；有助于”。此句型的结构和意思有点类似于lead toSmoking certainly contributed to his early death.apart from 除之外；此外1）相当于besides.意为“除以外（还包括）”Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well. 除了母语外，我还会讲好几种外语。2）相当于except.意为“除以外（不包括）”I like all the subjects apart from English.除了英语外，我喜欢所有学科。firework n. 烟火（燃放）chart n. 图表creative adj. 有创造力的；创造性的；独创的co-operative adj. 合作的positive adj. 积极的；肯定的；确实的（be）strict with 对严格的revolutionary adj. 革命的；重大变革的movement n. 移动；运动；动作make sense 讲得通；有意义It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat for these cheaper ones are just as good.backward adv. & adj. 向后地（的）；相反地（的）；退步地（的）loop n. 圈；环privately adv. 私下地；秘密地spin vi. & vt. (使)旋转；纺（线或纱）brightness n. 明亮；亮度；聪颖enthusiastic adj. 热情的；热心的 句型： be enthusiastic about cautious adj. 小心的；谨慎的 be cautious about 对.谨慎 名词是：cautionreject vt. 拒绝；不接受；抛弃universe n. 宇宙；世界 过去分词作定语1)语法功能相当于一个定语从句The stolen bike belongs to Jack. The bike which was stolen belongs to Jack. The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection. The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection. the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一颗破碎的心 a lost dog丧家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯 Attention：过去分词修饰 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等不定代词时，要放在这些词后面。Is there anything unsolved?  There is noting changed here since I left this town.b. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholerathe book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jackthe machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last yearc. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表被动，只表完成。 a risen sun已升起的太阳 the gone days 逝去的时光 fallen leaves 落叶2） 现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别： The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?the changing world（正在变化的）the changed world（变化了的） boiling water（正在沸腾的）boiled water（已经沸腾过的）fading flowers(正在凋谢的) faded flowers（已经凋谢的）a developing country(发展中的) a developed country（发达的）a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已经淹死的人falling leaves正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves落叶a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯3）及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的被动式(being done)都可以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个完成了的动作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作.the problem discussed yesterday is very complicatedthe problem being discussed is very complicated 过去分词做表语1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是主语的状态All the windows are broken.All hope is gone.He looked worried after reading the letter.常见作表语的过去分词有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。 注意 过去分词作表语时和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意思明显不同，前者说明主语的特点及所处的状态，而后者强调被动的动作。My glasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了。(状态）My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。（动作）1. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers _ by her mother. A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought5. Dont use words, expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known6. The computer center,_ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened7. Cleaning women in big cities get _ by the hour.A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay8. As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing. A.seat  B. seating  C. seated   D. to be seating10. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party. A.get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change