高考英语句子总复习.ppt

英语句子复习 基本成份基本成份 附属成附属成份份 独立成独立成份份 省略成省略成份份 连接成连接成份份 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 练练 习习 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语动词主语动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)There + be / stand/ lie / live.简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成份基本句子成份。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成份，至多4个。主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViS+V（主+谓） S+V+P(主+谓+表) S+V+O（主+谓+宾） S+V+o+O（主+谓+间宾+直宾） S+V+O+C（主+谓+宾+宾补）主语主语： (subject) 是一个句子的主题是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。1.A tree has fallen across the road. 2.Youre not far wrong. (你差不多对了你差不多对了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑人发笑 3Three is enough. Four from seven leaves three. 4 The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。老少并肩而行。 5Now is the time. 6The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。我们必须承受人生之沉浮。 7To find your way can be a problem. It would be nice to see him again. 8 Smoking is bad for you Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 9。The disabled are to receive more money. The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。死者死于年老。 10. To Beijing is not very far. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。 11. Whenever you are ready will be fine. Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to. 12.”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好你好”是一句问候语。是一句问候语。 可以作可以作主主语的词有：语的词有：名词、代词、数词、名词、代词、数词、名词化的名词化的形容词、形容词、副词、副词、名词化的介词、名词化的介词、不定式、动名词、不定式、动名词、名词化的过去分词名词化的过去分词、介词短语、从句介词短语、从句、句子句子等。等。 谓语谓语 ：谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。 1由简单的动词构成。由简单的动词构成。 (1). What happened? (2). He worked hard all day today. (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 2由动词短语构成的谓语。由动词短语构成的谓语。 (1). I am reading. (2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什这半天你在干什么来着？么来着？ (3). I looked after my sick mother the whole day.3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。等。(1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！你看看那个！（take a look 代替了代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了代替了sighed） (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。我受到了很大的震动。（a good shake-up 代替了代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充充分，彻底的分，彻底的)） 常用作连系动词：常用作连系动词： 变成变成,变得：变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn口诀：口诀：好是好是come，坏是，坏是go; 天气、外貌慢慢天气、外貌慢慢grow; 流水、金钱缓缓流水、金钱缓缓run; 颜色、天气大不同颜色、天气大不同turn； get become口语化，如果要说就用它口语化，如果要说就用它.Come 一般表示事物由坏变好，结果是好的。如：Dreams come true. 梦想成真。Go 一般表示事物由好变坏，结果是不好的。如：Its such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly. 今天太热了，菜都馊了。 Grow 表示逐渐变化，强调的是缓慢变化的过程，后面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。 I want to grow old with you. 我想和你一起慢慢变老。 Run 与grow 是对应的，其主语多为能流动，能消耗的东西。如：Still water runs deep.静水深流。Turn多接表示颜色和天气的形容词，侧重于表达与之前大不相同。如：The weather suddenly turned hot.天气突然变热了。In spring the trees turn green, the flowers come out. 春天树变绿了，花开了。Getbecome在口语表达时用得比较多，但这二者相比，become相对正式些，其主语既可以是人也可以是物。如：He got angry on hearing the news.听到这个消息，他变得很生气。系词be它有三，am is are ， 保持某种状态：保持某种状态：Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. 看起来，好像：看起来，好像：Appear, look, seem. 感官动词：感官动词：Feel, smell, sound, taste.1Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加后常加 easy ,loose natural 等）等） 2. He fell sick. 他病了。他病了。 Keep fit.保重。保重。 Keep作为系动词还常接作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等）等） 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 表语表语 :表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，式上的谓语，而而真正起谓语作用的则是表语。真正起谓语作用的则是表语。1The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行婚礼是在那个星期天举行的的。2So thats that. 就是这样。就是这样。3We are seven. 我们一共我们一共7人。人。4Are you busy? 你有空吗？你有空吗？5Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）你在听吗？（电话用语）Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？里面有人吗？ 6All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。我只能等待。My answer to his threat（威胁）（威胁） was to hit him on the nose. 我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。7Complimenting（赞美，祝贺）（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是恭维就是说谎说谎Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？这是要的高了吗？8I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。我对此事感到很惊讶。Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的我对他所做的很满意。很满意。9She is in good health. 她很健康。她很健康。The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为演出时间为7点至点至10点点10Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因这就是你发怒的原因吗？吗？11This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会这就是我初次与她会面的地方。面的地方。可以作表语的词有：可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。介词短语、从句等。 宾语（宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。一般皆置于及物动词之后。 Our team beat all the others. 1Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？你想喝一杯吗？2They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。他们不会伤害我们。3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加加5等于等于10。4I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。我将尽力而为。5He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。他上个星期离开了那里。6Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家她真的要离开家吗？吗？7He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的想不到的，意外的). 他从不做使人感到意外的事。他从不做使人感到意外的事。8Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗你明白我的意思吗可以用作宾语的有：可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。从句等。宾语补足语宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如：某些及物动词（如make等等)+宾语宾语+宾宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：例如： 1.His father named him Dongming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）注意：后跟名词作注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语宾语补足语的动词的动词有有 call, name, think, make, choose 等，后等，后跟形容词跟形容词作宾语作宾语补足语的谓语动词有补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词等。动词不定式不定式作宾作宾语语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 等等)，使役动词，使役动词(如如 let, have, make 等等)，动词，动词不定式不定式不带不带 to。 宾语种类宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor. 下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike. 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the window . 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如，但意义不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词She came/ My head aches.主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语She likes English.主语主语 系动词系动词 主语补语主语补语She is happy主语主语 动词动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There +beThere lies a book on the desk.简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例附属成份附属成份基本成份的修饰语。可以是：基本成份的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。短语或从句。定语定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词）（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定语从句定语从句)状语状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成份，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。句中可以去掉的成份，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成份和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。这种成份和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成份独立成份独立成分独立成分（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成份，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句中被省略的成份，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成份省略成份省略成分省略成分一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语） 方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.疑问句疑问句1.一般疑问句一般疑问句Is this seat taken?Yes, it is/ No, it isnt.需要用需要用yes或或no来回答。来回答。语序一般为：助动词语序一般为：助动词+主语主语+谓语？谓语？2.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句你什么时候开始学英语？你什么时候开始学英语？When You began to study English.when did you begin to study English?你在想什么？你在想什么？WhatSomething is in your mind.Whats in your mind? 小结：小结：用用who, what, where, which, when, why, how提问。提问。语序：疑问词语序：疑问词+一般疑问句一般疑问句 或或 疑问词疑问词+谓语动词。谓语动词。More Practice：What time is convenient for you?你什么时候方便？你什么时候方便？Whats going on here?发生了什么事？发生了什么事？/回事？回事？3. 选择疑问句选择疑问句：Do you like tea or（do you like）coffee？Did you speak to them, or did the manager?Which ice cream would you like, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry?提供两种或两种以上情形供对方选择。提供两种或两种以上情形供对方选择。不用不用Yes或或no来回答。来回答。反意疑问句反意疑问句陈述句 + 反意附加疑问。该类型又可以分为以下两种情况阐述： 当陈述句为肯定式时，附加疑问句用否定形式，即肯当陈述句为肯定式时，附加疑问句用否定形式，即肯定的陈述句定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问句。否定的附加疑问句。例句：例句：Its very hot today, isnt it ? Yes, it is . 今天天气很热，是不是？ 是的，很热。That clock is slow ,isnt it? Yes, it is. 这钟是缓慢的，不是吗？是的，它是。You want to get your TV set back , dont you ? Yes , I do.你想您的电视机回来，不是吗？是的，我是这样想的。 当陈述句用否定式时，附加疑问句用肯定形式，即当陈述句用否定式时，附加疑问句用肯定形式，即否定的陈述句否定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问句。肯定的附加疑问句。例句：例句：It isnt very hot today, is it ? 今天不是很热，是吗？今天不是很热，是吗？That clock isnt slow ,is it ? 这钟不是缓慢的，这钟不是缓慢的， 是吗？是吗？注意这一类型的附加疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法注意这一类型的附加疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法如何，若事实是肯定的，就要用如何，若事实是肯定的，就要用yes，事实是否定的，事实是否定的，就要用就要用no，这与汉语不一样，应特别注意。，这与汉语不一样，应特别注意。例句：例句：She isnt a teacher , is she? 她不是教师，是吗？她不是教师，是吗？Yes , she is. 不，她是。不，她是。No, she isnt .是的是的 ， 她不是。她不是。祈使句：祈使句：用以表示请求，命令，劝告，建议等语气的句子。用以表示请求，命令，劝告，建议等语气的句子。主语主语You 常省略，只以动词原形开头。常省略，只以动词原形开头。一般没有时态变化，不与情态动词连用。一般没有时态变化，不与情态动词连用。Stop bugging me.Dont judge a book by its cover.Dont get me wrong.Lets just have a rest.Lets hope for the best.Let bygones be bygonesMake hay while sun shines.感叹句：感叹句：主要由主要由what和和how来引导。来引导。What 结构主要有三种结构主要有三种1）What a(n)+形容词形容词+可数名词单数可数名词单数+谓语部分！谓语部分！What a lovely boy he is! 2）What + 形容词形容词+不可数名词或可数名词复数不可数名词或可数名词复数+谓语部谓语部分！分！ What foolish mistakes you have made. What nice weather (it is)! 3） What + a(n) +可数名词单数！可数名词单数！ How 结构主要有三种：结构主要有三种： A. How+形容词形容词/副词副词+主谓部分主谓部分 How lovely the boy is! How fast the time flies!B. How +形容词形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数可数名词单数+主谓部分主谓部分 How lovely a boy he is!C. How+主谓部分（实义动词做谓语）主谓部分（实义动词做谓语） How I hate exam! 我真烦考试！我真烦考试！ How he snores! 他鼾声如雷！他鼾声如雷！两个简单句的主语可以用两个简单句的主语可以用and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并两个简单句的宾语可由两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成等连词连接组成一个简单句。一个简单句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并列句并列句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordin