从句归纳 区分定语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句(8页).doc

-从句归纳 区分定语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句-第 8 页从句小结从句总述：从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这4种从句又通称名词性从句。1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 4. 同位语从句（Appositive Clause）：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。其关联词多为that。 状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句等。 宾语从句学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：时态、语序、连接词。 一：时态和语序 1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 语序：宾语从句只能用陈述句语序，坚决不能用疑问句语序。二：连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句： He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. 连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句： Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? 连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 例句： He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. 三：动词的宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 例句： Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 四：可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. 例句： I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾. 有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. 例句： I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. 五：介词的宾语从句 用wh-类的介词宾语从句 例句： We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知. 六：形容词的宾语从句 一般来说形容词不能带宾语，更不能带宾语从句。但以下形容词除外： sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised 例句： I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. 七：if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether. 如： I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if. 八：哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略; 当宾语从句有it做其先行词时; 九：宾语从句的否定转移 主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. 例句： I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. 例句： We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是? 十：宾语从句的时态和语序 当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响. 当主句为过去时的时候，从句只能用和过去相关的时态。例句： The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化 例句： The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转. 宾语从句的插入语形式例句： Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. 同位语从句（Appositive Clause）：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。其关联词多为that。 一、如： I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在这里。 二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等，可展开来的抽象名词。如： Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。 三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。根据句意决定该用哪一个。l have no idea When he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。 定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。 引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which. 例句： The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。） Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。） There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。） 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that. The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。） These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。） Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？） This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。） as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. 或者用在“从句比主句先发生”的情况，有“像一样”之意。As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头. 例句： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。） The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。） As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。） 介词+which/whom/whose从句 The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。） Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。） 例题： Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact. a. where b. that c with which d as soon as 代/名+介词+which 从句 He is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。） In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can he turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。） 同位语从句与定语从句的区别。1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 （同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。） The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 （定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。） 2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如： The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。） The idea that he gave surprises many people他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 （that在从句中作gave的宾语。） 状语从句（Adverbial Clause）：用作状语的从句叫作状语从句。其关联词是一些从属连词。 修饰主句中的动词, 形容词和副词, 通常有从属连词引导, 按其意义和作用可分为时间, 地点, 条件, 原因, 让步, 目的, 结果, 方式, 比较.等 分类 1. 时间状语从句: 1) 常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when）,while， as long as 2) no soonerthan, hardly(scarcely, barely)when: 刚做就. No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang. 3) 还有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etc Ill tell you about it the moment you come. I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter. 2. 地点状语从句: 一般用where or wherever 引导 I will stand where I can see the parade clearly. Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome. 3. 条件状语从句:真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etc I will not go to her party if she doesnt invite me. I will not go to her party unless she invites me. 4. 原因状语从句: 从属连词有because, as ,since, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于,由于) As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained. Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive. Seeing that they are inexperienced, they are doing quite a good job. 5. 让步状语从句: 1): even if, though, even though, while(尽管) no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc. He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to. Whatever the consequence may be, I will be on your side. However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her. It has been the same result, whichever way you do it. 2) 由as 引起的让步从句, 语气较强烈,被强调的词须放在句首. Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature. Cold as it is, the children play outdoors. Much as I respect him, I cant agree with him. Object as you may, I will go on with my plan. 3) whetheror,不管或 whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school. 6. 结果状语从句: so that, sothat, suchthat He is so humorous that well never forget him. She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her. 7. 目的状语从句: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes. Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements. 8.方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。 1） as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛似的"，"好像似的"，例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 9. 比较状语从句: 1) asas, not so/asas the film was not so exciting as we expected.这部电影没有我们期待的一样精彩 The history of nursing is as old as the history of man. She likes them almost as much as Paul does. 2) 比较级+than, so much/a lot more than She looks much younger than she is. The universe is a lot more complicated than you think. 3) no morethan, not morethan, lessthan Jack is not more frightened than Mike is. 不像马克那么害怕 Tom is no more rich than Black 3) the morethe more The farther north you go, the severer the winter is. The more I see of him, the less I like him.