初中英语语法专题讲解(可用作中考英语一轮专题复习)：初中语法——定语从句(13页).doc

-初中英语语法专题讲解(可用作中考英语一轮专题复习)：初中语法定语从句-第 13 页定语从句一、定语的概念：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如： (先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语)a beautiful girl（ ）a shoe factory（ ） Jims father ( ) our teacher ( ) the man in the car （ ）the man standing at the door（ ） the man who is talking with Sam （ ） 二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：1定语从句：2. 定语从句的主要特征：在句中起定语作用，相当于形容词，修饰某一代词或名词或整个主句的从句。1. 先行词 (Antecedent)：定语从句所修饰的词。2. 关系词 (Relatives) ：连接主句与从句的词并在定语从句中充当某一句子成分。3.定语从句所缺句子成分：主语、宾语、表语、状语。 The girl （先行词）who （关系词）stands under the tree is my sister.三、定语从句的基本用法：（一）关系代词引导的定语从句1who  指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时也作宾语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One.    正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。分析：先行词the boys 在从句中作主语。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.   想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。     Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.      昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。     That is the teacher who teaches us physics.        那就是教我们物理的老师。 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。You neednt talk to the people who you dont like talking to. 分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。2whom  指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.      李明正是我想要见的男孩。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.      你正在等的教授已经来了。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。     注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。         The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3. whose  通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.   。分析：先行词_引导词在从句中作_。He has a friend whose father is a doctor.   译成汉语：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。I lost the book whose cover was blue. 我把那本封面是蓝色的书弄丢了。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。We live in a house whose windows face the south. 译成汉语:_注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?  自己总结一下：在定语从句中，whose + 名词 _ 4which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys.   足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The factory which makes computers is far away from here.   制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.   译成汉语:_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The house which is by the lake looks nice.   湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.        译成汉语：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.   他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。5that 引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.   每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?   我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The person that / / you introduced to me is very kind.   你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / comes after spring is summer.   春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that /_ came from Australia.   昨天我收到了一封来自澳(二) 关系副词引导的定语从句1 when  指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at +which代替。     I still remember the day when I first came to this school.    我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。     分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The time when we got together finally arrived.       我们团聚的时刻终于到了。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.       1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.       你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。2. where  指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/at which代替。Shanghai is the city where I was born.  上海是我出生的城市。把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.  我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。把这个句子改成两个简单句：_分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .  我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。Is this the place where they fought the enemy?  这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。注意：当先行词是situation, occasion, point时，且又在从句中作状语时，常用where来引导定语从句。Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed（尴尬）. He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.3. why  指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用for which来代替。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.  请告诉我你误机的原因。分析：先行词_ 引导词在从句中作_。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.  他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.  译成汉语：_     注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：     From the years when (=_) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.       自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。I will never forget the moment when (=_) the blind students moved us.     Great changes are taking place in the city where (=_) they live.       他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。     The reason why (=_) he refused the invitation is quite clear.       他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句举例 ：注意：在非限制性定语从句中，有时which所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.He didnt pass the exam, which surprised us.五定语从句考查重点：（一）定语从句在下列情况下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人时可以用who/whom）1. 当先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时。2. 当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few, little, some,much等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。3. 当先行词被the very, the only, the same, the last修饰时。4. 当先行词是who,或which引导的主句时。5. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。(二) 不用that的情况 (1) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (2) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food.（三）关系代词的省略： The factory we visited yesterday was really old. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置) The man you just talked to was my English teacher. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置) 当关系代词在从句中作_时可以省略。（四）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.  他曾经就读过的学校很出名。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy_I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer _we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。注意： 含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。（四）当先行词被one of修饰时，若one of前有the only，则从句的谓语动词用单数，没有的话则用复数。 He is one of the students who _ never late. 译成汉语：_ He is the only one of the students who _ never late. 译成汉语：_（五）先行词是时间却不用when引导，先行词是地点却不用where引导，先行词是原因却不用why引导。I will never forget the days _ we climbed the mountain together.I will never forget the days _ we spent together. We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live.We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live in.This is the reason _ he was unhappy.             This is the reason _ he explained to me.（六）当先行词被such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).请分析一下定语从句：( 请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)1.    Check the ways you study for an English test. 2.    You couldnt understand people who talked fast. 3.    They said something you didnt like. 4.    Can you think of any problems you have had recently?5.    My friends and I talked about the rules that we have in school. 6.  What are some of the rules that a teenager should obey?二、请把下面的句子连成一个定语从句1、1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago.2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square. The foreign visitors live there.4. The woman is here now. You were talking about her.5. This is the hall. We listened to the report in it the other day.6. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.7. The man waved to us. The man was my uncle.8. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week.9. I prefer the subject. The subject is science.10. I spoke to the man. The man is a professor.三、用关系代词填空：that、which、who、 whom、whose 1.       This is the man _ wants to see you.2.       The student _ answered the question is Zhang Hua. 3.       The man _ you went to see has come.4.       The man _I met yesterday lent me some money.5.       The woman _ you saw is our geography teacher. 6.       The runner _ you are asking about is over there.7.       The person _ you should write to is Mr. Ball.8.       The man _was passing by saw what happened.9.       Here is the pen _ you lost the day before yesterday.10.    These books _ you lent me were very useful.11.    The storybook _ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.12.    A clock is a machine _ tells people the time.13.    This is shirt _I bought yesterday.14.    A dictionary is a book _ gives the meaning to the word.15.    The book _ is on the table is mine.16.    The film _ they are talking about is very interesting.17.    I will never forget the people and the places _ I have ever visited.18.    Show me the boy _ mother is a well-known singer.19.    The boy_ father is a teacher is good at English.