英语句子结构大全(4页).doc
-英语句子结构大全-第 4 页句子的基本结构一、句子的基本成分句子的基本成分有以下几种:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。1、主语:句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。The boy needs a pen. Smoking is bad for you.2、谓语:说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。The train leaves at 6 oclock.She is reading.3、宾语:表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。He won the game. He likes playing computer.4、表语:用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词之后。He is a student.We are tired.注意:除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。5、定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。The black bike is mine.(形容词)The boy in blue is Jim.(介词短语)I have nothing to do today.(动词不定式)注意:1、当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如: I tell him something interesting. 2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如:The boys who are in the room are playing games.6、状语:用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活。1、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前;I am very sorry.2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.They are writing English in the classroom.3、一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。We often help him. He is always late for class.7、补语:补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。He made me sad.(形容词)She asks me to take an umbrella.(不定式)The war made him a soldier.(名词)I find him at home.(介词短语)I saw a cat running along the wall.(分词)8、同位语:同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment.She is the oldest among them six.二、句子的基本分类1、按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1)陈述句:说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实)The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)2)疑问句:提出问题。有以下四种:a. 一般疑问句: Can you finish the work in time?b. 特殊疑问句:Where do you live? c. 选择疑问句:Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑问句:He doesn't know her, does he? 3)祈使句:提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如:Don't be nervous! 4)感叹句:表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如:What good news it is!2、按其结构，句子可以分为以下三类:1)简单句:只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如:She is fond of collecting stamps. 2)并列句:包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如:The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3)复合句:包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如:The film had begun when we got to the cinema.五种句型结构：1.主语谓语；2.主语系动词表语；如：The tree (主) gets（系）green(表).3.主语谓语宾语；如：I (主) like (谓) she (宾). 4.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语.（即双宾语结构）如：I (主)didn't go(谓)to school(间宾) but home(直宾). 5.主语谓语宾语宾语补足语（即宾补）.如：I (主)carry(谓) a dictionary (宾)with me everywhere I go(宾补).
