2022年初中英语总复习知识点归纳4.docx

_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 中学英语总复习学问点归纳冠词 a / an 的用法a 用于辅音音素前 a useful book, a university, a “ u”Once a week have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/ rest have a cold/ headache / fever /cough have a good time have a try in a hurry after a while keep a diary go for a walk in a minute in a word in a short while an 就用于元音音素前 an hour, an honest boy , an “ A E F H I L M N O R S X” keep an eye on 定冠词 the的用法：1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Give me the book. 2）上文提到过的人或事：a university. -Do you know the lady in blue. Yes, she is a teacher of 3）指世上独一物二的事物 the sun sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物,如：或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人：impossible the dollar 美元; The lion is a wild animal.the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词 only,very, same等前面： I live on the second floor. 6）用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm. 7）用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前：She plays the piano violin guitar in the north of China 8）用在一般名词构成专出名词前：the People Republic of China the United States the Great Wall the Summer Palace 9 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano. 10 in the day, in the morning afternoon,evening, in the middle of, in the end, all the time at the same time on the whole, by the way, go to the cinema at he age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first century on the other side of at the moment the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky water,field,country in the dark, in the rain, 不用定冠词的情形1 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词：China , Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋2）物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词； 当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词 Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃胜利之母；3）在季节、 月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词；Childrens Day Mothers Day Fathers Day 4）在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词；He is captain of the team. 5）在三餐、四季,球类运动、学科、消遣运动的名称前, 不加冠词 如：have breakfast /supper / lunch,play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter 6）当 by 与火车等交通工具连用, 表示一种方式时,中间无冠词；by bus/ train/ taxi/ bus/ ship _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 7）Day and night face to face side by side step by step watch TV at school / work / home at first/ last in danger in trouble on foot on duty on watch in bed on time in time go to school go to work by taxi / bike at noon at night on TV at town 部分词组有无冠词的区分in hospital 生病住院 in the hospital 在医院里in front of 在-的前面 in the front of 在-以 s, x sh ch,等结尾的词加 -es bus-buses watch-watches 以 o 结尾的名词,无生命的加 s,如： photo-photos piano-pianos 有生命的 es,如： potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes 均可,如：zero-zeros / zeroes 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,去f, fe 加 ves,如： half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves （加s,如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs ；）以辅音字母 +y 结尾的词,变 y 为 i,再加 es baby-babies 不规章：a. 单复数形式一样； Sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese. People, police, scissors, trousers b. 其 他 的 ； footfeet tooth-teeth childchildren mouse-mice man-men woman-women businessman -businessmen German-Germans women doctors 集体名词 : People, police,一般表示一个整体,谓用复数 class, family, glasses 不可数名词：常见的不行数名词有： information, news, room （空间）, work, work, weather, advice, bread , food, milk, tea, ice, glasses, meat A little, a bit of, some, much, a lot of, quite a lot of 常修饰不行数名词 . 不行数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数； 假如用 and 连接两个不行数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数；Time and money are- A cup glass bottle box kilo group crowd class pair of Two and a half kilos of = two kilos and a half of 名词全部格 在英语中有些名词可以加 " s" 来表示全部关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的全部格,如：a teacher s book；名词全部格的规章如下：1） 单数名词词尾加 " s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加 " s ",如 the boy s bag,mens room Children s Day Mother s Day Fathers Day 2）如名词已有复数词尾 -s ,只加 " " ,如：TeachersDay ladiesroom twenty minuteswalk 3） 凡不能加 " s" 的名词,都可以用 " 名词 +of +名词 " 的结构来表示全部关系, 如：the title of the song 歌的名字 ; A picture of family; a map of China 4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,修饰的名词,如： the barber 理发店；名词全部格的后面经常不显现它所_精品资料_ 5） 假如两个名词并列, 并且分别有 s,就表示 "分别有 "；只有一个 s,第 2 页,共 14 页- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 就表示 共有 ； Johns and Mary s room（两间）John and Mary s room（一间）6） 复合名词或短语, s 加在最终一个词的词尾；如：a month or twobsence 7）双重全部格 a friend of mine / hers / his / theirs a friend of Marys mothers 代词、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词Imemyminemyself you youyouryourself yourselves hehimhishishimself sheherherhersherself itititsitsitself weusouroursourselves theythemtheirtheirsthemselves 人称次序 you, he, she, I ; we, you, they 主格作主语； 宾格作宾语, 动词和介词之后通常作宾格；形容词性物主代词不能单独使用, 通常放在名词之前； 名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词,“ of名词性物主代词 ”表示所属关系； A friend of mine 我的一位伴侣 ; teacher of hers 她的老师 代词 it 的用法：指代前面提到过的事物；指婴儿和不明身份的人；-Oh, who was it. 用作形式主语；表天气；表距离；-John, someone in your class phoned you this morning. Its kind / good / nice /clever /polite / foolish of sb. to do sth. It s important / necessary / possible / easy / difficult for sb to do sth, It s time to get up. Its time for lunch. s turn to do Its oneIt seems that It takes sb. some time to do sth. 用作形式宾语； Find / think / feel + it +adj +to do sth It one 的区分 It 特指上文提到的同一对象,同一事物；one 同类而不同一；that 常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以防止重复；反身代词构成规章：一、二物主,三为宾；运用： hurt/ teach/ wash / buy/ enjoy oneself by / Help oneself one selves to - / Look after oneself / Say to oneself / Come to _精品资料_ oneself little, a little, few, a few=severalsome, some, any much, 第 3 页,共 14 页、不定代词- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - little , 几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰不行数名词；A little 一点点,表示确定,用以修饰不行数名词；Only a little 仅一点点 . 也可修饰形容词和副词；一点点,放在动词、动词宾语后；few 几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰可数名词；a few=several 几个, 一些,表示确定意思,用以修饰可数名词；ones, 也可修饰不行数名词；some 一些,修饰可数名词,后跟复数形式名词或 在表示恳求、 委婉语气的疑问句和表示期望得到对方的确定回答的问句中,常用 some. Could you give me some apples. any 一些,任何一些；一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF 引导的条件句中；much 很多；修饰不行数名词,放在不行数名词前,可用a lot of 替换；too much 太多的,用法相当于 much ,放在不行数名词前； Heath is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of too much rich food. much too 太,用法相当于 too, 放在形容词和副词前； Keep quiet. Its much too noisy here. more than 超过,多于； =over more or less 或多或少,差不多； =about at least 至少 a lot 很多,修饰动词； Thanks a lot. a lot of = lots of 很多的,可修饰可数名词和不行数名词；a number of 很多的 ,= many 只用于修饰复数形式名词,放在可数名词复数前；every 用于三个或三个以上, 着眼于整体； 后可跟数词； 词组有 every ten minuets each 用于两个或两个以上,着眼于个体；词组有 each of either 两个中任何一个 either -or both 两个都 both - and - both of - neither 两个中一个也没有e.g. -Do you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone. -Neither, I enjoy using QQ. neither - nor - any 三个以上中任何一个 all 三个以上中全部 none 三个以上中一个也没有；None of - 中没有一个,表示三个或以上数目的 人或物中没有一个,表否定,作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数；others 表示“泛指 ”除自己外,别的人； Some -, others - the other 表示两个中的另一个； One -, the other - the others 表示特指的另一些；_精品资料_ another 后跟单数名词；表示泛指另一个人；后跟带数词的复数名词,表示“再,第 4 页,共 14 页- - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - 仍要 ”的意思；other 别的,另外的,一般后跟复数名词或 数词,表示 “几个,一些别的 ”ones , 在 other 前可加 some, many 或Such a tall building such an exciting football match so many people each other相互,彼此,指两个或两个物时；one another 相互,彼此,指三者或三者以上的彼此； one another数词s 相互的,彼此的；表示数目多少或次序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词； 表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示次序的数词叫序数词；一、基数词和序数词1）基数词写法和读法：百位与十位, 用 and, 十位与个位,写时用 “ ”先确定分节号,从右至左,每隔三位数是一个分节号；第一个分节号是千位thousand 4 其次个分节号是千位 million 第三个分号节是十亿位 billion. 1, 234 ,567, 892 one billion two hundred and thirty-four million five hundred and sixty-seven thousand eight hundred and ninety-two 2）分数表示法 构成：分子基,分母序,分子大于 1 时,分母在序数词后加 S：1/2 a half 1/3 one-third； 2/3 two thirds 3/4 three quarters = three fourths 2- 3/4 two and three fourths 3）表示"岁月 " ,用 in +the +数词复数；代）in the 1980s （20 世纪 80 年4）表某人几岁时 : in +物主代词 +数词的复数形式in ones twenties 5）He lives in Rom 88. One plus two is three. Three times five is fifteen. 6）hundred , thousand , million 等词前有详细的数字时,不能加S 如 three hundreds 这种说法是错误的7）hundreds of thousands of millions of 8）a 21-year-old girl three days and a half = three and a half days one and a half hours = one hour and a half we ll have two weeksholiday two-week holiday 9）（基数词变序数词的口诀）一、二、三特殊记, th 从四以上记 ;怎么加很简单,八减 替,见 y 变 ie; 如是遇到几十几,变换个位就可以；t,九减 e; f 来把 veOne-first two-second three- third five- fifth eight-eighth nine- ninth twelve twelfth thirteen- thirteenth fifteen- fifteenth eighteen- eighteenth twenty- twentieth twenty-one-twenty-first thirty-thirtieth forty-fortieth fifty fiftieth sixty- sixtieth seventy- seventieth eighty-eightieth ninety-ninetieth 序数词的缩写形式：first-1st second-2nd thirty-first-31st 形容和副词修饰 something, anything, everything, anybody等不定代词的形容词,形容词要放在不定代词之后； I have Something important to tell you. enough修饰形容词、副词时, enough要放在形容词和副词之后；Far enough interesting, exciting, boring, amazing, surprising, moving 主语为物； Interested, _精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 14 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - excited, amazed, surprised, frightened, tired, pleased 主语为人；Much, far, a lot, a little, even 等后要用形容词或副词的比较级；I fell even worse now. 5.连系动词 be, 感官动词 look, smell, taste, sound, feel 三个变 get, become, turn, keep 后跟形容词 . 既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：hard 作形容词 =difficult , 作副词,放在 work, rain 等后,表努力地做；well 作形容词身体好 ; 作副词,做得好；long 作形容词,表事物的长度,作副词,放在 Fast 作作形容,放在系动词后,作副词放在last, talk 等后,表动作连续；rain, make sth.等词后,表 “做得快 ”；High 作形容词 “山,海浪的高；作副词 , 放在 fly, jump 等后表飞得高,跳得高；五、形容词变为副词 +ly useful, wide, strong 改 y 为 i,再加 ly healthy , heavy, happy, lucky, noisy, good well terrible-terribly probable-probably 多数以 ly 结尾的词是副词；但 friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, daily, lively 是形容词；China is larger than any other county in Asia. （同一范畴 China is larger than any county in Afirca. （不同范畴 How much 对不行数名词数量的提问和提问价格；How long 多久,多长时间；回答常用：for + 段时间since +点时间；How soon 多快,多久以后；回答常用：in +段时间How often 多长时间一次,提问频率；回答常用：a day, often once twice a week, three times How far 多远,对距离提问；回答常用：fifteen minuteswalk , 10 meters away 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：原级 : as +原级 + as ; not as / so +原级 + as =反义词 +than English is as interesting as Chinese. Mr. Zhang isnt as old as Mr. Li. = Mr. Zhang is younger than Mr. Li. than, Lily s bag is bigger than hers. 比较级的标志词much, far, a little, even , next time which / who - A, B . Which is more beautiful, Tom, Jim. the +比较级-,the+比较级 - The more we get together, the happier well be. 比较级 +and+比较级 （多音节词和部分双音节词用 more and more +原级）越来越 - harder and harder , our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful. 最高级标志词： the + 最高级 + of One of the + 最高级 + 名词复数singers. / in Shanghai is the biggest city in China. Zhou Jiekun is one of the most popular Which / who -+ 最高级 , A, B or C. Who city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Kunming. 序数词 +最高级,表 “第几最 -” Chang jiang is the first longest river in China. _精品资料_ the second largest population far - 第 6 页,共 14 页形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规章（略）不规章 : good / well - better- best bad / badly/ ill -worse-worst many / much - more -most little -less-least - - - - - - -_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - farther（较远） - farthest far-further （进一步）-furthest tired -more tired -the most tired right, tired, glad. pleased. real 动词的时态祈使句 祈使句用以表达命令,要求,恳求,劝说等；1） 祈使句否定在句首加 Dont：Dont move. Dont be late.2） Lets -shall we . let us him - will you / wont you. 感叹句How+形容词或副词 +主语 +谓语+其它 How lovely the baby is. What a / an + 形容词 +可数名词单数 +主语 +谓语+其它 What a clever boy he is. What + 形容词 +可数名词复数 +主语 +谓语 +其它 have. What + 形容词 +不行数名词 +主语+谓语 +其它 反意疑问句What wonderful ideas we What cold weather it is. 1 陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, too-to 等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用确定含义； Some plants never blown 开花 , do they . 2 陈述部分有 have to +v. had to + v.,疑问部分常用 dont + 主语（didn 主语）；We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we.3 陈述部分的谓语是 used to 时,疑问部分用 didnt + 主语或 usednt + 主语； He used to take pictures there, didnt he. / usednt he.4 陈述部分有 had better + v. 疑问句部分用 hadnt you.Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you.5 陈述部分由 neither, nor, either, or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分依据其实际规律意义而定；Neither you nor I am engineer, are we. 6 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词主语用 it；t it.Everything is ready, isneverything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分7 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情形：a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词依据邻近从句的谓语而定；Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn t he.b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语依据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he. didn t he.He said he wanted to visit Japan, c. 上述部分主句谓语是 think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句；_精品资料_ - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 14 页_归纳总结汇总_ - - - - - - - - - I don t think he is bright, is he. We believe she can do it better, cant she.8 陈述部分主语是不定代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数 they,有时也用单数 he；Everyone knows the answer, dont they. does he.Nobody knows about it, do they. does he. 9 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用 will you ；Dont do that again, will you. Go with me, will you / wont you .留意： Let s 开头的祈使句,后用 shall we. Let s go and listen to the music, shall we. Let us 开头的祈使句, 后用 will you. you . Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will 10 陈述部分是 "there be"结构的,疑问部分用 there省略主语代词；There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there. There will not be any trouble, will there. 11 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式；It is impossible, isnt it. He is not unkind to his classmates, is he. 并列句and 和,并且,work hard, and you can pass the exam. but 但是 he is rich but he is not happy. Or 否就,要不然,或者（在否定句中表和）Hurry up, or youll be late. so 因此,所以 Kate was ill so she didnt go to school. For 由于 I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do. 状语从句当状语从句的引导词为 If, when, before, after, until, as soon as 等,主句和从句有以下情形：英语句子中假如一看到 倒装句Thought-but-; because-so-这种结构 ,就是错误 . so+助动词 BE 动词 情态动词 +另一主语,表示后者与前者一样；so+上句主语 +助动词 BE 动词 情态动词,真的,的确如此；Tom watched TV last night, so did Ann. 宾语从句Tom didnt watch TV last night. Neither did Ann. -Youve left the light on. -So I have. Ill go and turn it off. .从句用陈述句语序；.主句与从句的关系；A主现从不限；B主过从过；C真金不怕火炼； The earth moves ar