2022年雅思考试阅读模拟试题 .docx

精品_精品资料_2022年雅摸索试阅读模拟试题 含答案 1 There's a dimmerswitchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computermodel of our star'score.2 Robert Ehrlich of GeorgeMasonUniversity in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect oftemperaturefluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun'scoreis heldconstantby theopposingpressures ofgravityand nuclearfusion. However, Ehrlich believed thatslightvariations should be possible.3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of theKonkolyObservatoryof the HungarianAcademyof Sciences. In 2022,Grandpierre and acollaborator, G áborágoston,calculatedthatmagneticfields in thesun'scorecouldproducesmall instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities wouldinducelocalised oscillations intemperature.4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel eachother out, somereinforceone another and becomelong-livedtemperaturevariations. The favoured frequencies allow thesun'scoretemperaturetooscillatearound its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycleslastingeither 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich saysthatrandominteractions within the sun'smagneticfield couldflipthe fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar withEarth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result ofsubtlechanges in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes theway Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from acircleto aslightellipseand back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amountof solarradiationthat Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However,a persistentproblem with this theory has been itsinabilityto explain why the ice ages changedfrequencya million years ago.7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythefrequencyshould change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_thetransitionproblem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other criticsclaimthat thetemperaturevariations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating producedby Milankovitch cycles are thenamplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of aslight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part ofthe carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens thegreenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to makeMilankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on thecurrenttheory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly whenwe observethem to happen. We cancalculatewhere we are in the cycle and compare it withobservation," he says. "I can't see any way of testingEhrlich's idea to see where we are in thetemperatureoscillation." 10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, Ican't think of one that is practical," he says. That's becausevariationover 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may bea way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller thanthat of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that theoscillationperiods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet tocalculatethepreciseperiod or theextentof variationin brightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is farfromconvinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterlyimplausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model,which fails to take into account themagneticinstabilities that cause thetemperaturefluctuations.716 wordsQuestions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write theappropriateletters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A. Attila Grandpierre可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_B. G ábor ágostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. .claims there抯 a dimmerswitchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. .calculatedthat theinternalsolarmagneticfields couldproduceinstabilities in the solar plasma.3. .holds that Milankovitch cycles caninducechanges in solar heating onEarth and the changes areamplifiedon Earth.4. .doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage.In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if thestatementis true according to the passage FALSE if thestatementis false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changedfrequencyfrom 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can notsolveis to explainwhy the ice agefrequencyshouldshiftfrom one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice toeliminatethegreenhouseeffect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory thoughtheyhaven't figured out which mechanismsamplifythe changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to testwhen the solartemperatureoscillationbegins and when ends.Questions 10-14 Complete the notes below.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Choose onesuitableword from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that theopposingpressures ofgravityand nuclear fusions hold thetemperature.10.in the sun's interior, buttheslightchanges in the earth's .11.alterthe temperature on the earth andcause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that theinternalsolarmagnetic.12.caninducethetemperatureoscillations in the sun s interior. Thesun'scoretemperature oscillates around its average temperaturein .13.lastingeither 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the .14. interactionswithin the sun's magnetic field couldflipthe fluctuations from one cycle lengthto the other, which explains why the ice ages changedfrequencya million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:1. ESee the sentences in paragraph 1There's a dimmerswitchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000years exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says aphysicist who has created a computer model of our star'score. and para.2 Robert Ehrlich of GeorgeMasonUniversity in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled theeffect oftemperaturefluctuations in the sun's interior.2. A BSee para.3: .i style=normal>Grandpierre and acollaborator, G áborágoston,calculatedthatmagneticfields in thesun'scorecouldproducesmall instabilities in the solar plasma.3. CSee para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating producedby Milankovitch cycles are thenamplifiedby feedback mechanisms on Earth.4. DSee para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge,is far fromconvinced. He describes Ehrlichmss acsla"iutterlyimplausible".5. False可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_See para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why thefrequencyshould change from one to another," . Nor isthetransitionproblem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of aslightcooling, carbondioxide.is locked into the ice. That weakens thegreenhouseeffect. The passage doesn抰 mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,"."The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This iswhy scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on thecurrenttheory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 According to Edwards,卙 e says. "I can't see any way of testing Ehrlich's idea to see where we are inthetemperatureoscillation." and para.10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there isa way to test this theory on the sun, I can t think of one that is practical.10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, thetemperatureof the sun'scoreis heldconstantby theopposingpressures ofgravityand nuclearfusion.11. orbitSee para.6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the resultof subtlechanges in Earth s orb匛it, arth's orbit gradually changes shape froma circleto aslightellipseand back again roughly every 100,000 years.12. instabilitiesSee para.3: .i style=magneticfields in thesun'scorecouldproducesmall instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities wouldinducelocalised oscillations intemperature.13. cycles可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_See para.4: .allow the sun'scoretemperaturetooscillatearound itsaverage temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles 41,000 years.14. randomlastingeither 100,000 orSee para.4: Ehrlich says thatrandominteractions within thesun'smagneticother.field couldflipthe fluctuations from one cycle length to the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载