2022年高三英语一轮复习知识点归纳与总结动词短语.docx

精品_精品资料_专题 07动词短语【考纲解读】高考讨论动词是英语词汇中的核心,而动词及其构成的短语始终是高考中的热点和难点.动词是英语中最敏捷、最难把握的词,在历年高考题拟题中动词所占比例最大,设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在详细语境中对动词短语意义的懂得和运 用才能.主要显现在单项选择及完形填空中,其考点主要涉及到以下几个方面:1.动词的词义.考查动词词义辨析是该考点显现的基本形式.2.动词搭配.有时只从句子的内容来看,几个选项好像都合适,但只要从词的搭配上一看便知道答案.3.动词短语. 很多动词与介词或副词连在一起构成固定的搭配从而形成动词短语或短语动词,不能随便更换.【学问要点】动词1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词.2）依据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词.说明：有些情形下,有些动词是兼类词.例如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会. （ have 是实义动词. ） He has gone to New York.他已去纽约.（ have 是助动词.）3）动词依据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是：及物动词、不及物动词,英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和 vi. .说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词.例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞. （ sing 在此用作不及物动词. ）She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲.（ sing 用作及物动词. ）4）动词依据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：She sings very well.她唱得很好. （ sing 受主语she 的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings.）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语.（ to learn 不受主语she 的限制, 没有词形变化,是非限定动词. ）说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词.5）依据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.英语里有很多短语动词和动词短语. （ contains 是单字动词. ）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.同学们学会查字典. （ look up是短语动词. ）The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照管老人. （ take care of 是动词短语.）6）动词有五种形状,分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词.系动词系动词亦称联系动词（ Link Verb ）,作为系动词, 它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必需跟表语（亦称补语）,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特点等情形.说明：有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语.例如：He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了. （ fell 是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情形.） He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来.fell 是实义动词,单独作谓语. 1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be 一词.例如：He is a teacher.他是一名老师. （ is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份.）2）连续系动词用来表示主语连续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand.例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持缄默. This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜. 3）表像系动词用来表示 " 看起来像 " 这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look.例如： He looks tired.他看起来很累.He seems （ to be）very sad.他看起来很难过.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste .例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软. This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香. 5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall,get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了.She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out,表达 "证明 ", " 变成 "之意.例如： The rumor proved false.这谣言证明有假.The search proved difficult.搜查证明很难.His plan turned out a success.他的方案最终胜利了. （ turn out 表终止性结果）助动词1）帮助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词.被帮助的动词称作主要动词.助动词自身没有词义,不行单独使用.例如：He doesn't like English.他不宠爱英语.（ doesn't 是助动词,无词义.like 是主要动词,有词义）2）助动词帮助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来：a. 表示时态.例如：He is singing.他在唱歌.He has got married.他已结婚.b. 表示语态.例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国.c. 构成疑问句.例如：Do you like college life.你宠爱高校生活吗？Did you study English before you came here.你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词not 合用,构成否定句.例如：I don't like him.我不宠爱他.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_e. 加强语气.例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上肯定来参与晚会.He did know that.他的确知道那件事.3）最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等.助动词 be 的用法1） be +现在分词,构成进行时态.例如： They are having a meeting.他们正在开会.English is becoming more and more important.英语现在越来越重要.2） be + 过去分词,构成被动语态.例如：The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的. English is taught throughout the world.世界各的都教英语. 3） be + 动词不定式,可表示以下内容：a. 表示最近、将来的方案或支配.例如：He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约.We are to teach the freshmen.我们要教新生. 说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法.b. 表示命令.例如：You are to explain this.对此你要做出说明.He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今日下午来办公室.c. 征求看法.例如：How am I to answer him.我该怎样答复他？Who is to go there.谁该去那儿了？d. 表示相约、商定.例如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7 点在校门口集合.助动词 have 的用法1） have +过去分词,构成完成时态.例如： He has left for London.他已去了伦敦.By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.上月未为止, 他们已经完成工作的一半.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2） have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时.例如：I have been studying English for ten years.我始终在学英语,已达十年之久.3） have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态.例如：English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年.助动词 do 的用法1）构成一般疑问句.例如：Do you want to pass the CET.你想通过高校英语测试吗？Did you study German.你们学过德语吗？2） do + not构成否定句.例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批判.He doesn't like to study.他不想学习.In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多同学不知道英语的重要性. 3）构成否定祈使句.例如：Don't go there.不要去那里.Don't be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉.说明：构成否定祈使句只用do,不用 did 和 does. 4）放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气.例如：Do come to my birthday party.肯定来参与我的生日宴会.I did go there.我的确去那儿了. I do miss you.我的确想你. 5）用于倒装句.例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情.Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.进了高校以后,我们才熟悉到英语的重要性.说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等.6）用作代动词.例如：- Do you like Beijing.-你宠爱北京吗？- Yes, I do.-是的,宠爱. （ do 用作代动词,代替like Beijing. ）He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he.他知道如何开车,对吧？可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -助动词 shall 和 will 的用法shall 和 will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时.例如：I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力的学习英语.He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海.说明：在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall 用于第一人称,will只用于其次、第三人称.现在,特别是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall 只用于第一人称,如用于其次、第 三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:He shall come.他必需来.（ shall 有命令的意味. ）He will come.他要来.（ will 只与动词原形构成一般将来时.） 助动词 should, would 的用法1） should 无词义,只是shall 的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称.例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么.比较： "What shall I do next week." I asked. " 我下周干什么？" 我问道.可以说, shall 变成间接引语时,变成了should.2） would 也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于其次、第三人称.例如：He said he would come.他说他要来.比较： "I will go," he said.他说： "我要去那儿. "变成间接引语, 就成了 He said he would come.原先的will 变成 would , go 变成了 come.动词是英语中的重要词类之一,也是高考英语中的一个考查热点.它是英语语言综合运用中的灵魂 ,没有动词的句子,就不是完整的句子可以将动词进行分类学习.一.在句子中否定词前移的动词类在主从复合句中 ,如主句的主语为第一人称 ,这类动词后面接含否定意义的宾语从句时 , 要把从句的否定词转移到主句中去 .这类动词有 think, believe, expert, imagine, suppose, feel, guess, fancy 等.例如 :To tell you the truth, I don't suppose he can give you any help in such a short time, .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. do I B. can't heC. can he D. don't you 答案为 C在回答对方提问时,这类动词的常用句式为“I expect so/not .例”如 : We don't believe we can make such an attempt, can we. I expect not.二.方案未能实现的动词类此类动词常用过去完成时,其后接动词不定式作宾语,或用于一般过去时,其后接不定式的完成式表示虚拟语气,或表达原先的方案未能实现.这类动词有intend, mean, plan,expect, hope, think, want, suppose 等.例如 :I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me.They hoped to have stayed there a week, but the word came. I had to come back.三.表示将来时间的动词类这类动词常用一般现在时.现在进行时表示将来时间.它们有 come, go, leave, start, arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, take off 等.例如 :Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon.四.表示“据说”意义的动词类此类动词常用过去分词形式,表示“据说” .“据报道” 等意思 .常见句式为 “ It + be +过去分词 + that 从句” .这类动词有decide, say, know,report, think,believe,suppose, declare,announce 等.留意 : order, suggest, request 后面的 that 从句中常用虚拟语气,也可省略should,直接用动词原形来表示.例如 :It is ordered that this design should be given up as quickly as possible. It is announced that two teams will have a game in our school.五.使用替代词的动词类此类动词后面常接so/not 作宾语 ,以此回答或代替前面的句子或主从复合句中的从句及谓语动词 .这类动词有believe, guess, imagine, expect, hope, would like等.例如 : Will it rain this weekend. I expect so/not.六.混合使用在被动结构中的动词类此类动词常用“动词be + 过去分词”结构,这种结构既表示被动意义,又表示一种状态.常见的这种结构有be surprised, be astonished, be discouraged, be pleased, be disappointed, be可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_frightened, be satisfied, be absorbed, be born, be dressed, be devoted, be seated, be engaged in, be obliged to, be supposed to, be supplied with, be connected with, be equipped with, be married to等.例如 :These years they have been engaged in building the Three Gorges. You are supposed to send for a doctor immediately.七.能带同源宾语的动词类有些不及物动词后面可以接词源相同的名词作宾语,即同源宾语.这一名词前面往往有一个修饰语或另一个名词的全部格.这类动词有die, smile, live, dream, laugh, smell, run, sing, whistle, fight等.例如 :He died a heroic death.He smiled a forced smile.Then they lived a dog's life.The lady laughed a hearty laugh.八.瞬时动词类瞬时动词 又叫终止性动词表示动作不能连续,在确定句中不能与表达一段时间的状语连用 .这类动词有 go, come, leave, start, return, begin, arrive, stop, finish, borrow, lend, open, close, die, become, break, join, kill, marry, graduate 等.比较 :They have become friends since they met in Shanghai. 错误 They have been friends since they met in Shanghai. 正 确 My grandfather has died for ten years. 错误 My grandfather has been dead for ten years. 正确 九.带介词 to 的动词词组类这类动词词组有lead to导致 , stick to 坚持 , refer to 提及 , look forward to 希望 , belongto 属于 , object to 反对 , be/get used to习惯于 , be accustomed to 习惯于 , adjust to 适应 , adapt to适应 , put an end to 终止 , devote . to 献身于 , set to 开头积极的做 , get down to 着手, give one's life to 献身于 , prefer + v-ing . to + v-ing 与 比更宠爱 , come to 谈到 , be supposed to反对 , agree to, add to 等.例如 :The red-letter day he has been looking forward to is coming today. My brother objects to being made fun of him.十.与冠词连用 ,表示“拍” .“打” .“拉” .“抓”意义的动词类可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_这类动词有pat, tap, hit, beat, strike, take, catch, grasp, pull, seize等.这类动词常用的句式为“主语 + 及物动词 + sb + 介词 + the +身体部位” .例如 :The angry father caught his son by the arm. The naughty boy hit the man on the nose.十一 .感官使役动词类这类动词后接不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的时候,表示动作已经完成或表示动作 的全过程 ;后接动词的 -ing 形式作宾语补足语时,表示动作正在进行,后接过去分词时表示一个 被动动作已经完成.但在被动结构中作主语补足语的动词不定式要带to .这类动词有see, look at, watch, notic, observe, hear, feel, listen to, make, let等.例如 :I saw two boys playing football on the playground.We often heard this song sung by our students after class.When I stayed at home, I often made my little brother cry, but last week, I was made to cry by my little brother.十二 .系动词类能用作系动词的词后面常接形容词或名词作表语,此时动词没有进行时态和被动语态. 这类动词有be, appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, smell, grow, turn, go, come, run, fall, make, remain, continue, stand, lie, sit, exist等 .例如 :This roasted duck looks good and smells delicious.On hearing the news he looked sad and he looked at me sadly. My brother remained silent all time at the meeting.The speech he made proved disappointing.十三 .后接动名词作宾语的动词类此类动词及短语动词后面接动名词作宾语 .这类动词和短语动词有 mind, risk, avoid, enjoy, escape, keep, suggest, appreciate, practise, delay, finish, forbid, deny, feel like, look forward to, can't help, keepon, miss, be used to, excuse, be worth, imagine, put off, give up 等 .例如 :He is considering finishing pratising playing the notes in order not to disturb others. The tiger escaped being killed by the hunter.十四 .后接动词不定式作宾语的动词类这类动词后面常接动词不定式作宾语.它们有afford,agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_decide, demand, determine, expect, refuse, wish, hope, order, promise, pretend, offer, happen, seem, make up one's mind, used, be about, be able, have等.例如 :She pretended not to see me when I passed by.My father earns a low salary every month, so he can't afford to buy such an expensive car.十五 .后面既可接动词不定式又可接动名词的动词类这类动词的后面既可接动词不定式又可接动名词. 其中区分不大的有begin, continue, like, love, prefer, start, hate .意义有明显区分的有try to do 努力做 , try doing 试着做 , mean todo 准备 , mean doing 意味着做 , can't help doing 忍不住做 , can't help to do 不能帮忙做 , remember doing 记得做过 , remember to do 记住去做 , regret doing 懊悔做过 , forget to do 遗忘去做 , forget doing 遗忘做过 , stop to do sth停下正做的事去做另外一件事 , stop doingsth停止正在做的事 , go on to do sth 接着做另一件事 , go on doing sth 连续做某事 .例如 : I am too busy today, so I can't help to wash the dishes. 今日太忙 ,我不能帮忙刷盘子了 . Hearing the story, I can't help laughing heartily. 听到这个故事 ,我情不自禁的笑了起来 . 十六 .表示“需要”意义的动词类这类动词后面既可以直接接动名词,也可接动词不定式的被动式,但二者均可表示被动含义.这类动词有need, want, require, deserve 等.例如 :The newteaching buildingneeds painting.=The newteaching buildingneeds tobe painted.Your suggestion deserves reconsidering. = Your suggestion deserves to be reconsidered.十七 .用在虚拟语气中的动词类表示应当 或规劝 .命令 .建议 .要求 等意义的动词后面,宾语从句中的谓语动词要用 “should + 动词原形”的形式,其中 should 经常可以省略 .这类动词有order, suggest, insist, advise, command, demand, require 等.例如 :Captain Cook commanded his men should jump into the sea. The police required that I should turn up.十八 .用主动形式表示被动意义的动词类这类动词常用主动形式表示被动的意义,其后常跟副词well,easily, poorly,用来说明主语的特点 .性质或状态等.这类动词有break, burn, cook, cut, drive, eat, iron, keep, play, sell, last, open, shut, wear, wash, write, translate, print, run, read, operate 等.例如 :The clothes my mother bought for me last year washed well.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_The pen writes smoothly.十九 .不能用于被动语态和进行时的动词类这类动词不能用于被动语态 ,它们用作谓语动词时 ,也不能用于进行时 .这类动词 短语 有 become, cost, have, last, hold 容 纳 , fit, stand 忍 受 , suit, belong to, consist, exist, depend, happen, take place, run out 用完 , break out, give out 耗尽 , go out 熄灭 , burst forth 突然爆发 等.例如 :The car in the garage belongs to my elder brother. The chair gave out under the fat man.The fuel ran out on the way.二十 .后接反身代词作宾语的动词类这类动词后面常接反身代词作宾语.它们有 enjoy, seat, present, teach, help, devote, call, find, force 等 .例如 :He taught himself law when free and devoted himself to teaching. He devoted himself to the revolution many years ago.The boy called himself a fool when he was told to leave the garden.短语动词是高考考查的一个热点,分析近年高考试题可知,高考对动词短语的考查主要有以下几个方式.一、不同的动词,后面加上相同的小品词使用频率较高的这类动词有：call, cut, come, go, get, go, look, put, set, turn, take, pay, pick,make 等.常见的介词或副词有：in, off, out, up, away, for, on, over等.1. 动词 + away 构成的短语动词有：throw away 扔掉. put away 把整理好.give away 捐赠, 分发. carry away 运走. runaway 潜逃.跑开. go away走开2. 动词 + for 构成的短语动词有：answer for 负责. provide for 供养. call for 要求. plan for 准备,为方案.hope for期望,期望. ask for 索取,查找. send for 派人去请. go for 努力猎取. pay for 偿仍,赔偿.wait for 等待 ; look for查找等.3. 动词 + on 构成的短语动词有：try on 试穿,试验. put on 穿上,上演. have on 穿着,戴着. pull on 穿,戴. hold on可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_不挂断,坚持,连续.carry on 连续开展,坚持.keep on 连续. go on 连续. get on 上（车）.come on 赶快等.4. 动词 + over 构成的短语动词有：come over 过来.hand over 移交.go over 认真检查, 复习.get over