跨文化交流正误判断TorF(5页).doc

-跨文化交流正误判断TorF-第 5 页 or F1.as a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。2.Intercultural communication as a discipline first started in Europe(the USA)跨文化交际作为一门学科（学科）在欧洲开始的时候3.Culture is a static(dynamic) entity while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体，而沟通是一个动态的过程4.Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为。5.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a persons cultural cognition. 文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。6.In intercultural communication, we should separate ones individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开7.Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. 文化错误比语言错误更严重。语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法，而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解，甚至个人之间的不适感。8.All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. 同一个民族的所有人都会有相同的文化9.Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not the same. 虽然两国文化有着相同的想法，但它们的意义和意义可能不一样。s actions are totally independent of his or her culture. 一个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化。2.1. All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly. 所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌，但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同。2.2. Dont take offence-getting the form of address “wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive.2.3 Addressing forms like Miss Mary, Brown by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise. 譬如玛丽小姐、布莱恩等的称呼可能是中国人文化上的一种折中2.4 Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as tittles.在军队中队长、上校可以作为称呼的头衔2.5 Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人可以理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的称呼2.6 We can address Jason Douglas, who is lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 杰森道格拉斯是律师，所以我们可以称呼他格拉斯律师。2.7 Chinese hospitality toward the Westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客总是被感激的。2.8 The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 中国人表示关注的方式通常是西方人所欣赏的2.9 “Thank you for coming!” is a typical expressing used by western hosts when the guests just arrived. “谢谢你的到来！“当客人是在刚到的时候，西方主人使用的一种典型的表达。2.10 “I am sorry to have wasted your time”,” I am sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually appropriated for the business visit. “我很抱歉浪费了你的时间”，“我很抱歉占用了这么多的时间”通常在商务访问中使用。 Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 有时，中国人表现出谦虚的方式被当作是渴求更多的赞美。 The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.中文和英文中赞美的功能都是一样的。 In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable. 在非正式的场景中，很多的赞美被常常被用来让别人高兴开心。 The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. 不同文化之间对于文化中恭维是一样的。 Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 形容词和动词常被用来传递英语中的恭维话，而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里。3.6 English compliments often begin with the word” you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”. 英语中的恭维通常用你开始，而中文中的恭维语通常用我开始。 Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 中国人在日常生活中使用恭维语的频率比美国人高。 Americans tend to be self-effacing in their compliment response.美国人在回答别人的恭维时都往往会自谦。3.9 Compliments on others belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式。3.10 If a guest compliments something in another persons home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest. 如果一位客人在其他家庭做客的时候赞美了一件东西，中国的主任很可能就将这个东西馈赠给客人。 Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. 言语交际比非语言交际更为重要 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese. “龙”是指同为西方人的“龙”到中国。 The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”. 中国“知识分子”具有相同的含义是“知识“ intellectual：知识分子;脑力劳动者;有极高智力的人;凭理智（而非感情）办事的人 A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language. 在谈到动物和鸟类，中国的做法是通常，但不总是，用“公”或“母”来表明该生物是否是男性或女性。这与英语是一样的。4.6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language. 以下六个英文单词：“副”、“副”、“助理”、“副”、副”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中4.7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs. 英语谚语和汉语谚语的不同的地方和相同的地方一样多4.8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了言语禁忌4.9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思维方式随文化而变化。 4.10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective. 在每一个特定的思维模式主导文化的T10，例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳，俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎，和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感。Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others. 说只是一种交流方式。还有其他许多种类 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70% of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% is sent by nonverbal means. 一些研究者断言，在面对面的交流中，约有70%的信息是通过说话，而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的5.3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers. 环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 我们大部分的非语言行为，如文化，往往难以实现，自发的，往往超越我们的认识 5.5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多数亚洲文化是单一的文化。5.6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯属于艰难的文化 5.7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在一些文化中，为了表示尊重或服从，应该避免使用目光接触5.8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同5.9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children. 西方妇女通常喜欢中国人接触他们的身体或小孩。5.10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. 座位安排体现文化。中国人倾向于和他们说话，而不是坐在他们旁边的人6.1. Gender is the cultural meaning of “sex”. 性别是“性”的文化内涵6.2. Sex and gender are synonymous. 同义的性别和性别是同义词6.3. A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或两者的结合6.4 Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure. 女性一般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别人，而大多数人都保留对参与和披露。 6.5 Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people. 大多数人用沟通来建立联系或平等的人6.6 Women usually use communication to establish status and power. 女性通常使用沟通来确立地位和权力6.7 In feminine culture, communication is a wayprobably the primary wayto express and expand closeness. 在女性文化中，传播是表达和扩大亲密关系的主要途径。 Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness. 男性社会化强调做事情，把行动视为创造和表达亲密的主要方式。 The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment. 有效的跨性别传播的第一个和最后一个主要是中止判断。 It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication. 这是困难的，但可能寻求翻译线索，将有利于我们的沟通。7.1 The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making. 最常见的问题，在跨文化谈判的关注（1）进行业务的规则（2）谈判的选择和（3决策方法。 The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. 日本人认为，社交是谈判过程中不可或缺的一部分，而美国人却不这么认为 American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status. 美国谈判团队成员通常在他们的社会和职业地位的基础上 Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France. 与日本和中国的谈判人员一样，在中东、墨西哥和法国的谈判进程中，有一个详细的书面协议是不一样的。 The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian. 英国人采用了类似于美国人的谈判风格，但更多的是利用沉默，他们也不太平等。 Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertive expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德国人喜欢明确的，坚定的，和assertive表达而日本鼓励转换、碎片化的表达 Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition. 墨西哥谈判者更喜欢演绎的方法。更强调的是沉思和直觉。 The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing. 在正式谈判中，巴西人不会公开地不同意，他们会考虑这种侮辱和尴尬。 Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 创造一个舒适的气候和花费时间在谈判的探索阶段是至关重要的中东和巴西。 Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team. 女性经常参加一个日本谈判小组。