心理学专业外语：The nature-nurture debate in psychology(9页).doc

-心理学专业外语：The nature-nurture debate in psychology-第 9 页The nature-nurture debate in psychology心理学的先天与后天教养之争Nature-Approach先天-研究方法Roots of the approach-nativist philosophy, biology (physiology and genetics), evolutionary theory.研究方法的根源-自然主义哲学、生物学（生理学和遗传学）、进化论。Causes of behaviour-genetic determinism, inherited influence, maturational blueprint,neurochemical and hormonal influences, brain activity.决定行为的因素-基因决定论、遗传影响、成熟的轨迹、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。 Methods employed-gene/chromosome mapping, twin and adoption studies, brain scanning, brain stimulation or damage studies, drug testing.研究方法-基因/染色体图谱研究、对双生子和收养孩子的研究、脑扫描、脑刺激或脑损伤的研究、药物测试。 Implications-due to biological determinism, behaviour can only be changed through physical means, such as selective breeding (eugenics), gene therapy, brain surgery, or drugs.影响-基于生物决定论的观点，行为只能通过物理方法来改变，比如选择性生殖（优生学）、基因治疗、脑外科手术或药物。Criticisms-reductionist, may neglect environmental influences.局限-还原论者可能忽视了环境的影响。Nurture-Approach后天-研究方法Roots of the approach-empiricism philosophy, behaviourism, social psychology.研究方法的根源-经验主义哲学、行为主义和社会心理学。 Causes of behaviour-the mind is regarded as a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth; therefore, knowledge and behaviour are the result of experience and learning from the environment.决定行为的因素-人出生时的心理被看作是一块白板（黑板），因此，知识和行为是后天经验与学习的结果。 Methods employed-use of classical and operant conditioning techniques to affect behaviour, manipulation of social environment to change behaviour.研究方法-使用经典条件反射、操作条件反射技术来影响行为， 通过操纵社会环境来改变行为。 Implications-due to environmental determinism, behaviour can only be easily changed through manipulating reinforcement and environmental conditions. Anybody could be trained to do anything.影响-基于环境决定论的观点，通过操纵强化物和环境条件，就可以很容易地改变行为。任何人都能够被训练来做任何事。Criticisms-reductionist, may neglect innate influences.局限-还原论者可能忽视了先天的影响。 Nature-Areas of explanation先天-阐释内容Perception-Research conducted by Fantz, Bower, and Gibson and Walk on new-born babies indicated pattern detection, size constancy and depth perception are innate abilities.知觉-范茨、鲍尔、吉布森和沃克对新生儿的研究表明形状辨别，大小恒常性，深度知觉的是先天的能力。 Aggression-The ethologist Lorenz and psychoanalyst Freud believed aggression is an innate drive. Bio-psychologists have examined the role of hormones and brain areas in aggression.攻击-动物行为学家洛伦兹和精神分析学家弗洛伊德认为攻击是一种本能行为。生理心理学家已经证实了激素和大脑区域在攻击性行为中的作用。 Sex-role behaviour-Bio-psychologists propose gender indentity is a direct result of genetic and hormonal influences.性别角色行为-生物心理学家认为性别认同是遗传和激素影响的直接结果。 abnormality-The biomedical approach has isolated genetic and neurochemical causes of mental disorders.变态-生物医学的研究方法已经分离了心理障碍的基因的和神经化学的原因。Language acquisition-Chomsky proposed language is gained through the use of an innate language acquisition device.语言获得-乔姆斯基认为语言是通过“先天的语言获得装置”获得的。Nurture-Areas of explanation后天-阐释内容Perception-Research into perception by Hebb on cataract removal and Turnbull on cross-cultural differences indicated that perceptual identification is a learnt ability.知觉-赫布做的白内障摘除（感觉剥夺）和特恩布尔做的跨文化研究表明知觉辨认是一种习得的能力。Aggression-Social learning theory argues that aggression is learnt from the environment through observation and imitation. Social psychologists study conformity to aggressive norms.攻击-社会学习理论认为攻击是通过对环境的观察和模仿习得的。社会心理学家研究了对攻击行为模式的遵从。 Sex-role behaviour-Cultural relativism and learning theory argue that gender is socially constructed and reinforced.性别角色行为-文化相对主义和学习理论认为性别是社会建构和强化的结果。 Abnormality-The environment plays a role in the development of phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anorexia.变态-环境对恐惧症、创伤后应激障碍、厌食症的发展有影响。Language acquisition-Skinner argued that language is learnt from other people via natural behaviour shaping techniques.语言获得-斯金纳认为语言是通过自然行为塑造技术从其他人那习得的。Interactionism先天、后天-相互作用While some researchers have aimed to investigate the relative contributions of innate and environmental factors in psychology,it is now accepted that the two influences form a continuum and interact so thoroughly with each other that they are virtually inseparable.虽然一些研究人员旨在探讨在心理学中遗传和环境因素各自对个体的作用，但是现在普遍认为这两种影响因素构成了一个连续统，二者完全是相互作用、几乎是不可分割的。 Even seemingly direct genetic influences,such as those on the physical development of the brain,are affected by environmental factors from the inside of the womb to the pollution of the atmosphere. 即使那些看似直接受基因影响的发展，如大脑的生理发育，实际上却受到从子宫内部环境到大气污染等环境因素的影响。Many genes could impose a susceptibility to develop in certain ways or provide a norm of reaction-a genetic potential that may or may not be realised by environmental circumstances.许多基因为了以特定的方式发展或者是提供一种“反应范式”能够形成一种敏感性，一个基因的潜能是否可以通过外部环境实现。In a similar way,environmental experiences are mediated by not only innate abilities but even by the physical structure of the body,e.g.what gender or skin colour it has.类似地，环境经验不仅受先天的能力的影响，而且受个体的生理结构的影响，如性别或肤色。Examples of nature-nurture interaction in psychology遗传和环境相互作用的心理学实例：Perception-Blakemore and Cooper showed restricted environmental experience could physically affect the visual cortex of the brain.知觉-布莱克莫尔和库珀指出受限制的环境经验会在生理上影响大脑的视觉皮层。 Cognitive development-Piaget suggested that innate schemata develop and expand through interaction with the environment to adapt the child to its surroundings,although development was always limited by biological maturation.认知发展-皮亚杰认为先天图式通过与环境的相互作用建立和发展起来，它使得儿童逐渐适应周围的环境，虽然这种发展总是受到生理成熟的限制。Abnormality-Many mental disorders, such as schizophrenia,may have a genetic predisposition-those with an inherited susceptibility may be more likely to develop the disorder if they experience certain stressful environmental conditions. Animal studies have looked at the effect of aversive environmental stimuli upon the brains neurotransmitters to explain depression.变态-许多精神障碍，例如精神分裂症，可能与基因的倾向有关。所以那些遗传易感性的人在经受一定的压力情境时，更易患精神障碍。有关动物的研究表明，恶劣的环境刺激促进大脑释放神经递质，从而缓解抑郁。Sex-role behaviour-The Biosocial approach proposes that factors such as the physical sex and innate temperament of a new born baby elicits sex typing behaviour from the people around it, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy in terms of its gender identity.性别角色行为-生物社会的研究方法认为诸如新生儿的生理性别和与生俱来的气质这些因素诱发了其向周围的人学习性别类型行为,形成了性别认同中的自我实现的预言。The standing of the different approaches in psychologynaturenurture两种不同的理论在心理学中的作用先天后天BiopsychologyFocuses on genetic, physiological,hormonal and neurochemical explanations of behaviour.生理心理学： 主要从基因的、生理的、激素的、神经化学的方面对行为进行解释。 PsychoanalysisFocuses on instinctual drives of sex and aggression, expressed within the restrictions imposed by society via the ego and superego.精神分析： 关注性和攻击的本能驱力，以及它们在社会环境的约束下通过自我和超我的表达。Cognitive psychologyFocuses on innate information processing abilities or schemata that are constantly refined by experience.认知心理学： 关注先天的信息加工能力或者通过生活经验而不断完善的图式。 HumanismWhile accepting basic physiological needs,the focus is upon the persons experience of their social and physical environment.人本主义： 当接受基本的生理需求的时候，关注点就放在人对社会环境和自然环境的经验上。BehaviourismFocuses on the acquisition of virtually all behaviour from the environment via conditioning.行为主义： 关注于通过条件作用从环境中获得的几乎所有的行为。