考研英语语法(8页).doc

-考研英语语法-第 8 页考研英语语法 非限定动词（3）动词最重要 简单句 （5种基本句型） 限定动词 并列句 名词性从句（4）长难句分析 复合句 定语从句（5） 状语从句（6）时态（1） 被动（2）It （7）：做先行代词的用法 在强调结构中的用法倒装（8）：if 在虚拟结构中的条件从句 Only或否定词提前 As 或 however在前的让步状语从句 比较级句子：跟句子、短语等"-" （9）在句中的意义：解释说明和插入（不影响句子本身结构）带"-"的形容词（10）五种基本句型：最基本的，有助于分析句子结构，理解长难句。1、动词时态：在英语中，不同时间一不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态要用不同的动词形式来表示。在时间上分为四大类-现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时；在行为上又分为四种-一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。考研中常用到的有一定难度的：过去进行时、过去将来时（would 表过去习惯动作）、现在完成时、现在完成进行时等。现在完成时（表示动作或状况发生在现在以前的某个未经明确指出的过去时间内，目前已经完成或结束，给现在造成了影响；或者这个动作至今还未完成，可能继续下去也可能停止）He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.（08）现在完成进行时(表示由过去某时开始或发生至今仍将继续进行或刚刚结束的动作；重复发生的动作)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education.(09)2、被动语态：当主语是动作的承受者时，动词要用被动语态，只有及物动词才有被动语态；由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成，它的时态由be动词的变化体现。考研中常用的被动语态与时态的结合：一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时一般现在时：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（02）一般过去时：The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.（02）现在完成时：Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.（07）3、非限定动词（不能单独做谓语，没有性数变化，不包括在句子的主干中） 包括动词不定式、分词（-ed -ing）、动名词1、 动词不定式：由(not)+to+动词原形构成，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语或状语做主语和宾语：To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the churchimportant subjects that we may not neglect. （09）做表语：The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.（07）做宾补：If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.（07）做状语：To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.（01）2、 分词：它兼有动词、形容词、和副词的特征；有两种形式，-ed 被动完成， -ing主动进行；在句中担任定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。现在分词和过去分词的区别： a moving film surprising The play was boring. a moved audience surprised I left because I was bored.做定语：A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.(08) Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd.(09)Specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.（01）做状语：（-ing 与主句主语是主动关系； -ed与主句主语被动关系）We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.（09）Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.（03）状语（while或when）while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work。(09)独立结构：Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance.(09)3、动名词：兼有名词和动词的特征，可在句中做主语、表语、宾语等Finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient.(04)4、名词性从句：在句中起名次作用的从句，包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。（连接词that, whether.or, if 在从句中不做任何成分 Who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever 在句中充当语法成分 When, where, why, how 在从句中做状语成分）主语从句：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.（06）表语从句：One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.（02）宾语从句：Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors.(02)On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is.（09）同位语从句：A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.（05）5、 定语从句：在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句。先行词和关系词。关系词既起着联系从句和主句的作用，又代替先行词在从句中担当有语法成分。（that, which, who, whom, whose; when, where, why）关系代词：It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.（04）（作主语）Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.（03）All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware.(09)（加介词）There are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-90s equivalent of dropping out.（01）Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story, which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.（02）（非限制性）关系副词：In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak。（05）6、状语从句：在复合句中做状语的从句，有连接词。分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式和比较时间（when while as; whenever every time; till until; before after; as soon as once the minute; no sooner.than hardly.when 主句部分倒装）When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals.（06）Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.(04)As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access。（01）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（02）让步状语：（although, though, even though； as 从句半倒装）Although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.（04）结果状语：The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.（04）方式状语：We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (04)比较状语：But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either.（04）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.（02）But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.（07）This success led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.（07）条件状语：If oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25% - 0.5% of GDP.7、It:先行代词，引导后面的短语或从句。当主语是动词不定式、动名词、主语从句时，往往把主语放在谓语动词之后，将it放在句首。It seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.(09)It never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.(01)强调句：当我们要强调句子的某一部分（一般是主语、宾语、状语）时，通常用“It is+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”这种句子结构。It is a wise father that knows his own children.(09)8、 倒装：if 在虚拟结构中的条件从句Only或否定词提前As 或 however在前的让步状语从句Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.（09）Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story, which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.（02）Perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.（05）9、"-"的用法：插入解释说明：For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept what you think you want to do then broaden it.（04）解释说明：Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.（03）10、合成形容词：physician-assisted suicide anti-intellectualism off-the-cuff remarks open-source intelligenceenergy-services firm back-and-forthing belt-tighteningAsWe are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (04)Tylor defined culture as “ that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” （03）（regard.as）As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.(03)His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.（06）I 句子成分句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。II 基本句型基本句型一： （主谓）基本句型二： （主谓表）基本句型三： （主谓宾）基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补） 1 基本句型 一 （主谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等2 基本句型 二 （主谓表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。be, look, keep, seem， get, grow, become, turn等This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。 Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。 His face turned red. 他的脸红了。3 基本句型 三 （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。3. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。4. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。5. He said "Good morning." 他说："早上好！4 基本句型 四 （主谓间宾直宾）此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。 （及物）（多指人） （多指物）1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。5. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。5 基本句型 五 （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 （及物） （宾语） （宾补）1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色。3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？5. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。6. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。