英语单词直接拼读法(17页).doc
-英语单词直接拼读法-第 17 页英语单词直接拼读法 1.英语单词读音规则 1.1 辅音字母的读音规则 1.2 辅音字母组合的读音规则 1.3 元音字母在重读音节中的读音规则 1.4 元音字母在非重读音节中的读音规则 1.5 元音字母组合的读音规则 1.6 几个非重读后缀或字母组合的读音规则 2.直接标音符号 2.1 重读符号 2.2 哑音符号 2.3 提醒符号 2.4 四类重读音节符号 2.5 几个直接标音符号 2.6 借用国际音标直接标音 3.英语单词重读规律 1. 英语单词读音规则1.1 辅音字母的读音规则 字母 读音 例词 字母 读音 例词 b /b/ bed d /d/ end f /f/ fill h /h/ help j / job k /k/ milk l /l/ left m /m/ my n /n/ net p /p/ pen r /r/ red t /t/ let v /v/ vote w /w/ we y /j/ yes z /z/ zed c 在字母e,i,y前读/s/,如cell,cit'y,cyst; 其余情况下读/K/,如cat,club,code. g 在字母e,i,y前读/,如gene,gin,gym; 其余情况下读/g/,如beg, golf, game. s 多数情况下读/s/,如six,desk,yes; 有时读/z/,如is,his,vis'it x 处于两元音字母之间,且其后元音重读时,读/gz/,如exist'; 其余情况下读/ks/,如six, next, excuse'. q 读/k/cheque 常与字母u用在一起, qu 读/kw/, 如question.附:英语音标 元音(20)发音时声带振动,气流在通道上不受发音器官阻碍的音素叫元音。前元音:i: i e æ 单元音 中元音: : 后元音: : u u: 双元音 ei ai i u au i e u 辅音 浊辅音(17):b d g v ð z dz dr m n l r j w 声带不振动的为清辅音 清辅音(11):p t k f s ts tr h辅音按发音方法分:爆破音: b d p t k g舌边音:l半元音:w j摩擦音:f v s z ð h r 破擦音: ts dz tr dr 卷舌音:ar are :/ar/ir er ur : /r/ire air /ai /or oor our oar: / r/1.2 辅音字母组合的读音规则1.2.1 ch,tch 读/,如Chi'na, much;catch, match1.2.2 ph,gh 读 /f/,如pho'to, phone 1.2.3 sh 读 /,如shape, she, short, fish th 多数情况下读/,如 three, third 但有时读/ð/ ,如 that, than, with wh 在字母o前读/h/,如 who, whom, whose 其余情况下读/w/,如which,when,why. dg,dj 读/,如judge,lodg'ing;adjust',ad'jective. Bridge n g,以及处于读/g/或/k/的字母前(如c, g, k等)读/。如 long,thing,length;un'cle,zinc;an'gry,fin'ger;drink,think,thank. gu 在字母n后读/gw/,如language,penguin distinguish,linguist. 两个读同一个音的字母并列时,只读一个,如little,miss,hill,hobby;clock,neck,black; scene,science,scythe,excite',except';accord'ing,accuse',occur'.13 元音字母在重读音节中的读音规则 英语中有四类重读音节:闭音节,开音节,r音节,re音节。 闭音节 指以辅音字母结尾的音节。 元音字母 a,e,i(y),o,u 在重读闭音节中分别读 /æ/e/i/ ,如 hand, help,lip,gym,hot,club. 开音节 指以元音字母、元音字母+哑e或一个辅音字母+哑e结尾的音节。 后者也叫约定开音节. 元音字母 a,e,i(y),o,u 在重读开音节中分别读/ei/i:/ai/u/ju:/ (即读字母名称,但y读/ai/)。如: a,face,make,age; he,mete, see,eve; I,hi,by,bye,time,type; go, home,stone,toe; cube,tube,use. 但字母u 在字母 j,l,r 后,读/u:/,不读/ju:/,如 June,blue,rule. r音节 指以字母r或r +辅音字母结尾的音节。 在r音节中:ar 读/:/, or 读/:/,er, ir, yr, ur 都读/:/。 如:arm,farm,start,large,Marx;or,for,cord,order; verb,her,serve;sir,first,dirt'y,cir'cle,myrtle; hurt,nurse,return',mur'mur.注1 双r前的音节,是闭音节,不是r音节。如:carry,mar'ry,ber'ry,mirror,sor'ry,hur'ry.注2 在/w/音后,ar读/:/, 如 war,warm,warn;or读/:/, 如 word,work,world,worse. re音节 指元音字母与 re 结合而成的音节。 在re音节中:are读/3/,ere读/i/,/3/,ire,yre读/ai/,ore读/ :/, ure读/ ju/。如: care,dare,rare,hare,prepare;here where,mere,severe';fire,wire,tire,entire',tyre; more,fore,core,before; cure,pure,endure'1.4 元音字母在非重读音节中的读音规则a,o,u 读/,如 Chi'na, sec'ond, dif'ficult. e, i, y 读/i/,如 result',vic'tim,hap'py.ar,er,ir,or,ur,yr 读/,如 gram'mar,let'ter,circum'ference,doc'tor, mur'mur,mar'tyr,persist',west'ern,east'ern.1.4.4 o,u 处于词末时分别读/u/,/ju:/(即不弱化,按重读音节规则读)。 如 car'go, Ne'gro;men'u. u 在多音节词中,紧邻重读音节时,读/ju/(即轻度弱化)。如reg'ular,pop'ular,mon'ument.a,i,y,u 在多音节动词中,处于约定开音节结尾中,按重读音节读。如 i'solate,ad'vertise,an'alyse,sub'stitute.1.5 元音字母组合的读音规则au,aw 读/:/,如 cause, au'ral, launch, sauce, law, dawn. eu,ew(iew)读/ju:/,如 neu'tral, deuce;new, view, review'. ou,ow 读/au/,如 house, loud;how,now, down.ai,ay 读/ei/,如 wait, aid;day, may. ei,ey 读/ei/,如 veil, weight;grey, they, convey' oi,oy 读/i/,如 choice, oil;boy, toy. ea,ee 读/ i:/,如 eat, cheap;deep, need. ie,(c)ei 读/i:/,如 field, believe';receive', ceil'ing. oa 读/u/,如 road, soap, boat. ue 读/ju:/,如 Tuesday, val'ue, pursue'.air,aer 读/e/,如 air,fair; aer'ial, aer'oplane. ear,eer 读/i/如 ear, clear;beer, deer. our 读/au/如 our, sour, hour. oo 1.读/u/: 在字母k前(book,look,took)和在good,foot,stood,wood,wool 及其派生词(good'ness,foot'ball,wool'en等)中读/u/。 2.读/u:/: 在其余情况下读/u:/,如: cool,food,loose,room,zoo. 3.读/ /: 在flood,blood及其派生词(flood'ing,blood'less等)中读/ /. igh 读/ai/,如 high, light, might, night. augh,ough 读/:/,如 daugh'ter, caught, taught;ought,fought, thought。 oul 在 could,should,would 中读/u/。1.6 几个非重读后缀或字母组合的读音规则a 在后缀-ace,-ade,-age,-ate中读/i/,如 pal'ace,com'rade,village,ac'curate. e 在后缀-el,-en,-ent,-ence,-ency中读/,如cru'el,open,stu'dent,si'lence,flu'ency. i 在后缀-ible中读/, 如 pos'sible.ai,ay,ei,ey 在非重读音节中一般弱读为/i/,如moun'tain,Fri'day,for'feit,val'ley. -ful 读/ful/,如 help'ful, harm'ful, use'ful. -gue 读/g/,如 di'alogue, cat'alogue. -que 读/k/,如 cheque, pic'turesque'. -ous 读/s/,如 fa'mous, gen'erous, nerv'ous. -our 读/,如 fa'vour, hon'our, la'bour. -ure 读/,如 fig'ure, in'jure. 但在fail'ure中读/j/. -ow 读/u/,如 win'dow, yel'low, pil'low. -ture 读/,如 pic'ture, cul'ture, fur'niture. -sure 在元音字母后读/,如 clo'sure, expo'sure. 在辅音字母后读/,如 pressure,flex'ure(x=ks). -ion 读/n/, 如 fashion, cush'ion. -tion 读/n/ 如 na'tion, produc'tion, solu'tion. -stion 读/sn/ , 如 ques'tion, suges'tion, diges'tion. -sion 在元音字母后读/n/,如 v'sion, occa'sion, div'sion; 在辅音字母后读/n/,如 discus'sion,impres'sion,expan'sion. -ce,-ci,-si,-ti,-xi 在字母 a,e,o 前读/,如: o'cean; so'cial;A'sia;par'tial; Egyp'tian;suff'cient;pa'tient;pr'cious;Rus'sian;an'xious. -i 在字母 d,t,n,l 后,且在元音字母前,读/j/。如 au'dience,fron'tier,opin'ion,famil'ar.单词附加词尾的读音规则 -ed(过去式后缀) 在清辅音后读 /t/,如:worked, jumped, missed. 在浊辅音和元音后读 /d/,如:robbed, begged;played,stud'ied. 在字母d,t 后读 /id/,如:needed, plänted. -(e)s(名词复数或动词单数第三人称词尾) 在清辅音后读 /s/,如:desks, lamps, looks makes 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,如:pigs, pens, plays, goes. 在/,z,s,t,d/等音后读/iz/,如:urges, watches, wishes, rises, faces2.1 重读符号 单音节词单读时都重读,不需要用重读符号标注。双音节词和多音节词中,有的音节是重读音节,有的则是非重读音节,重读音节就要用重读符号标注。有些单词中,除重读音节和非重读音节外,还有次重读音节,也需要用重读符号标注。 在单词上直接标音时,重读符号(')标在重读音节的后上方(如 read'ing);次重音符号()标在次重读音节的后下方(如 engineer')。请注意:直接标音法的重读符号,还具有分音节的作用 ,engineer如 stu'dent 和 stud'y, stu' 是开音节,而stud'是闭音节,故字母u的读法不同(见和)。2.2 哑音符号( . ) 可用来指出不读音的字母。标注了这个符号的字母,读音时可视若其无,其余的字母 仍按前述读音规则读音。详见.2.2.1 不读音的辅音字母。例如: knife, lamb, au'tumn, write, psychol'ogy, pneumo'nia, exhib'it, rhyme, whis'tle, lis'ten, hour. 不读音的元音字母。例如: heart, earn, learn, ear'ly, year, door, floor, roar, board, coarse, hoarse, four, pour, course, touch, coun'try, friend, build, young, peo'ple, though, owe, eye. 因强度弱化而不读音的元音字母。例如: vi'tal, fi'nal, short'en, les'sen, lev'el, chan'nel, dev'il, civ'il, es'son, cot'ton, cer'tain, cur'tain, poi'sonous, dif'ferent, in'teresting. 哑e一般可以不用哑音符号,但容易引起混淆时仍需使用。例如: amuseà amusement shameà shamed becide'à becides2.3 提醒符号( ) 用于:1.提醒发浊音,见; 2.提醒发音不符合前述读音规则,见,; 3.提醒其读音标在单词后面,见. 提醒 s,th,x,f 发浊音/z/,/ ð/,/gz/,/v/。例如: visit, his, is;that, with, fur'ther, gath'er;exist', exam' ;of. 提醒在非重读音节中 a,o,u不读/,而读/i/。例如: character, lit'erature, tem'perature; hy'drogen; min'ute. 提醒 e,i,y不读/i/,而读/。例如: can'cel;A'pril,hol'iday;anal'ysis 提醒在e,i,y 前g不读/,而读/。例如: get,gift,give,girl,begin',forget',tar'get. 提醒该字母(组合)的读音用国际音标标注在单词后边。例如: machïne' /, chef /, gr'age /, regïme' /, fortune /, u'sual /, proce'dure /,sol'dier / /, suite /w/, persuade' /w/, dissuade' /w/, clerk /:/, sew /u/, sew'ing /u/, sug'er /, sure /, bus'y /i/, bus'ily /i/, bur'y /e/, bur'ial /e/, one /wn/.2.4 四类重读音节符号 闭音节符号( ): ,(), 分别读 /æ/e/i/。 开音节符号( ): a, e, i(y),o,u 分别读 /ei/i:/ai/u/ju:/。 r音节符号( ): ar 读/:/, or读/:/ , er, ir(yr),ur读/:/。 re音节符号( ):are 读/e/, ere 读/i/, ire (yre) 读/ai/, ore 读 /:/ , ure/读/ju/. 这些符号 主要用于标注读音规则的例外和区分容易混淆的音节,详见。 有时在非重读音节中元音不弱化,而按重读音节读, 这时就要用到这些符号。例如: con'cpt, october, dult' hotel', fe'male, biol'ogy ex'pert, cor'ridor, sub'urb em'pire, at'mosphere, soft'ware dura'tion, environmen'al, period'ic r音节和re音节容易混淆,有时要用r音节符号和re音节符号来区分。例如: vr'y, Amr'ica, mr'it, fr'est, spr'it; var'y, her'o, vir'us, or'al, dur'ing scarce, scarce'ly, scar'city 有时开音节和闭音节需要用相应符号来区分。例如: gv'e, lv'e, hv'e;cond'tion, v'sion, sp'cial, def'cient; typ'ist, spa'cing, ston'y, whol'ly, strik'ing, ninth; change, strange, chamber;cold,bolt, roll, gross, most, both, on'ly, control'; find, mind, child, mild. 字母e在re,ar,ir前有时读/e/,这时也可用闭音节符号标注。例如: where, thre, war, tar, thir2.5 几个直接标音符号 用来标注元音的特殊读音。 ä=/:/ :äsk, dänce, äf'ter, bäth, cä lm,cä lf, gräss, chänce, demänd', enhänce', cräft, dräft, stäff,fä'ther, läst, päth, räth'er, pä lm, hä lf, exäm'ple, behä lf', äunt, läugh, läugh'ter. ï=/i:/:lï'ter, kïl'o, antïque', fatïgue', marïne', mosquï'to, routïne', mgazïne', au'tomobïle. ü=/u:/: flüid, rü'in, frü it, frü it'ful, jü ice, crü ise, süit, roütine', ui读/u:/ fruit juice group, woünd, soüp, roüte, yoüth, yoüth'ful ö=/u:/: dö, un'dö', tö, twö, whö, whöm, whöse, möve, möve'ment, remöve', remöv'al, pröve, impröve, impröve'ment, appröve, appröv'al, löse, shöe. u=/u/: bush, bul'let, bul'letin, butch'er, cru'el, cru'elty, full, full'y,f ul'fill,有时读/u:/: blue july june o=/u/ on'do, in'to, woman, wolf, con'tour, poor 有时读/u:/: prove goose =/i/: idea, dal, rec'ip, th'orem, ng'lish,prt'ty, r'al, ms'um, th'ory. 2.6 借用国际音标直接标音 为了便于记忆有时可把相应的国际音标标注在字母上面,详见 在个别情况下,字母a读/e/。这时就可把国际音标/e/标在字母a上。例如: an'y,man'y,says,said. 在/w/音后,字母¨有时读/。这时就可把/标在a上。例如: want, wash, watch, watch, wan'der, wal'let, watt, kil'owatt, swal'low, what; qual'ity, qual'itative, quan'tity, quan'titative, quar'rel, e'qual, equal'ity. 在字母l和d前,字母a有时读/:/. 这时可将:标在字母a上。例如: all, al'most, ball. call, fall, hall, tall, wall, stall, install', recall', small, halt, salt, al'so, al'ter, al'ways, alread'y, altogeth'er, although', alter'nate, alter'native, wa'ter, false, chalk, talk, walk, abroad, broad, broad'cast, broad'en. 字母o有时读/。这时也可将/标在其上。例如: come, become, com'fort, com'fomtable, com'pany, compul'sary, discom'fort, front, confront', hon'ey, love ,Mon'day, mon'ey, mon'key, month, none, some, tongue, broth'er, above', noth'ing, anoth'er, oth'er, cov'er, col'our, doz'en, wor'ry, ôn'ion, sôn, spônge, tôn.