非谓语动词和从句(9页).doc

-非谓语动词和从句-第 9 页非谓语动词和从句1. 非谓语动词谓语（狭义）：主要指动词，关于主语的情况，可表示动作，也可以表示状态，受主语的人称和数的限制。Time flies.She doesnt like the idea.You shouldnt look down upon this kind of work.非谓语动词：在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。它不受主语的人称和数的限制，但有语态（主动与被动）和 时态（一般式；完成式；进行式）的变化；否定式一般将not直接放在非谓语动词之前。1.1 动词不定式肯定形式： A 主动语态 B 被动语态 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式否定形式： not/never to do1.1.1 不定式有两种，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。Ive come to seek your advice.What you said made me think. 大多数情况下，不定式都带to, 但在特殊情况下，动词不定式的to要省略。1.1.2 动词不定式的用法：主语（it作形式主语）： To cheat in exams is punishable.注意：此时，动词不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主语。 It is punishable to cheat in exams. 宾语：动词宾语：I hope to be back in a couple of days. 介词宾语：They desire nothing but to go home. 宾补：I want him to be my assistant. I ordered him not to enter this room without permission.表语：His wish was to be a skillful worker. 定语：Do you have anything to say? 状语：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因） We started early to avoid being late. (目的) He grew up to be a famous scholar. (结果) You would make a big mistake to take his bribe. (条件)独立成分，用来修饰整个句子，句子状语。 To be honest, I dont like him. 常见短语如下：to tell/ speak/ say / confess the truth, to speak frankly/ sincerely/, to be frank/plain with you坦率说，老实说； To cut/ make a long story short, to sum up, to be brief Glad/ sad/ sorry/ needless/ strange to say To begin/ start with1.1.3 不定式短语 疑问词+动词不定式： where/who/ what/when/ how/ why/which + to do. 作用：主语：how to stop pollution is a big problem.宾语：I really dont know what to say before you.表语：the question is how to handle this dilemma. For+名、代词+动词不定式：这里，借助for引导出不定式的逻辑主语。 Here are some books for you to read on the way. Its not right for people to marry for money. This is the way for us to follow. It is adj of sb to do sh. 只用当做表语的形容词修饰人时，表示人本身具有的品格、特征、性质，我们采用of引导。 It is very kind of you to help me so much. = you are kind to help me so much. 1.1.3 动词不定式to 的省略 感官动词(feel, see, watch, hear, etc), 使役动词(make, let, have)，半省略词help. 但在被动语态中，省略的to应该补充完整。I heard him speak in the next room.He was heard to speak in the next room. 常用结构：had better, would rather, cannot but = can do nothing but=have nothing to do but (只好)，why do/ not?当主语成分中含有动词do的形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略to. All you need to do is press the button.1.1.4 动词不定式的时态和语态时态语态意义例句主动被动一般时To doTo be done与谓语动词同时或在其后发生。To see is to believe.进行时To be doing表示两个动作同时进行。He seems to be dreaming.完成时To have done To have been done先于谓语动词发生I happened to have been there once.完成进行时To have been doing 先于谓语动词发生，到谓语动词发生时仍然进行。He s said to have been doing this work for 10 years.备注： 不动式的逻辑主语是不定式动词的动作承受者，不定式用被动形式。 She left the city, never to be seen again. The book is said to have been translated into many languages.1.1.5 不定式的主动语态表示被动意思 (动宾关系) I have no chair to sit on. A black tie was the proper thing to wear.1.2 动名词肯定形式：主动形式被动形式一般式Doing Being done完成式Having doneHaving been done否定形式：直接在前面加not.1.2.1 用法： 主语：my sisters being ill makes me worried. 宾语：we are looking forward to hearing from you. 表语：Her job is washing clothes. 同位语：This is my recreation, reading novels. 定语：a walking stick, a sleeping car.1.2.2 动名词的时态和语态时态语态意义例句主动被动一般时Doing Being done完成时Having doneHaving been done 发生在谓语动词之前Are you not ashamed of having failed?备注： 表示被动含义：或谓语动词之前动作的状态。My father doesnt like being invited to make a speech.I dont mind having been written like that.1.2.3 在下列词中，主动形式的动名词表示被动意义：want, need, require, deserve, be worth. His car needs repairing. He deserves hanging. 1.2.4 包含动名词的习惯用语 There is no doing Feel like doing On/ upon doing No doing! What do you say to doing It is no use/ there is no use doing Cant help/ resist/ avoid/ keep from doing Far from doing, 若是形容词，可以直接用. Have difficulty in doing分词 1.3.1 现在分词肯定形式： 主动形式被动形式一般时Doing Being done 完成时Having done, 先于谓语动词发生，常常作状语，表示原因或时间。Having been done 否定形式：在前面加not1.3.2 用法： 定语：a gentleman standing over there 表语：the book is quite interesting. (多表示主语的特征) 宾补：I found him lying on the bed. 状语：hearing the news, they all danced for joy(表时间).备注：现在分词作状语时，逻辑主语与句子主语应该一致。1.3.3 独立结构，当现在分词有了自己的逻辑主语。 The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.1.3.4 句子状语, 修饰整个句子，说明说话人的看法,也叫独立成分。 Strictly speaking, that school is not very old. Judging by his words, I think she is fit for the post. 过去分词 done,否定形式直接在其前面加not。用法： 表语：I am awfully worried. 定语：give a satisfied smile 宾补：keep your mouth shut and eyes open. 状语：seen from the mountain, the city is magnificent. 2区别： 过去分词和现在分词：语态上： a moving film, a moved audience.时间上： the changing world, the changed world. 动名词和现在分词：作定语时，现分体现了逻辑主语与动词的主动关系，动名体现了被修饰词的性质和用途：A sleeping car/ a sleep child. 动名词和不定式： 不定式强调尚未发生，动名词暗示已经存在：My father is a millionaire, but having a lot of money does not solve all the problems.To have a lot of money is my fathers dream.不定式表示具体、特定的情况，动名词表示一般、普遍情况； I prefer walking to driving. I prefer to walk tonight, for I have had too much.跟动名词与不定式时，意义有差别的情况：Remember, forget, regret, try, go on, stop, mean.3 with/ without +复合宾语：With the boy to lead the way, well find the cave easily. (条件)Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.The boy was crying with the toy broken.2. 从句 句子分为简单句（只有一个主谓结构）、并列句（两个或多个互不依存的主谓结构）和复合句（一个或多个成分由从句来担任）。 从句，某些成分由类似句子的主谓结构来担任。随着从句在句子中的作用，可以分为： 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。2.1 名词性从句一种具有名词功能的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。 结构上，包括以that引导的从句； 以whether/ if 引导的从句； 以特殊疑问词引导的从句（使用陈述语序）； 以what等关系代词引导的名词性从句；2.1.1 主语从句 That we are invited to a concert is good news. It is good news that we are invited to a concert. (形式主语)that 位于句首时，一定不能省略。Whether he will come is doubtful. It is doubtful whether / if he will come. 位于句首时，只能用whether. Who will preside at the meeting is not decided yet. It is not decided yet who will preside at the meeting.可以用it作形式主语。 注意：在以上情况下，it可以充当形式主语。只是在特殊动词中，只能用it+动词+that句型：(appear, seem, happen, turn out, matter, occur to sb) It seems that you object to the plan. It appears that you dont care about this matter.名词性关系从句: What they need is a good textbook.类似的关系代词有其他-ever构成的关系代词。 Whoever did this job must be rewarded.2.1.2 宾语从句 That 引导时，一般情况下可以省略：we are glad (that) all our friends have attended this party. 下列情况不能省略： 句子中的状语很多; We hoped, in case that., that he could stay with us.句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，从第二个起，不能省略； I wish (that) he could visit us and that his parents could allow him to stay with us.宾语从句的被动结构；I believe( that) he is a good boy= it is believed that It 作为形式宾语替代真正的that从句：We think it probably that he is dead.That从句放在in 和except后面时：The copy was good except that 由whether/if引导的宾语从句：一般情况下可以互换： I asked him whether/ if he was busy.但whether引导的从句不能有否定式。 I dont care whether/if he comes. I dont care if he doesnt come. 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句注意用陈述语序。2.1.3 表语从句 That引导时，一般不能省略。 The problem is that they cant get enough capital. 特殊疑问词引导， The problem is where I should start. As if/as though 引导， It looked as if it was going to snow. 名词性关系从句， That is what he told me.2.1.4 同位语从句 That 引导的同位语一般放在抽象名词之后，说明其内容。 The news that weve been invited to the party is very encouraging. 特殊疑问词引导， The problem, where we should live, is still unsolved.注意事项： 只能用Whether的情况：1. 位于句首；2. 引导表语从句；3. 从句作介词宾语；I think about whether I should quit the job.4. 后面跟不定式： I dont know whether or not to tell her the news.宾语从句中，时态问题；2.2 定语从句先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，必须位于从句之前。关系词：关系代词+关系副词； 关系代词：引导定语从句，并替代前面的先行词，且在从句中充当成分，who/whom, which/as, that, whose. 关系副词：引导定语从句，并替代前面的先行词表示时间、地点、原因，在从句中充当状语，where, when, why。 This was the time when (at which) he arrived.2.2.1 分类：限定性和非限定性 限定性：从句是整个句子不可或缺的部分，无逗号隔开，去掉使先行词不明确。 This is the bike that I bought yesterday. 非限定性：从句是主句的补充说明，有逗号隔开，去掉后不影响主句完整。 She has two brothers, who are both doctors.2.2.2 关系代词的作用Who/whom:Whose:Which: 用于限定性从句中，指物或不明性别的婴儿；用于非限定性时，修饰整个主句；介词后； That：只能修饰限定性从句；可以是人，也可以是物；不能放在介词后，但从句的介词没有提前也可以。This is the building that we are talking about.As: 在限定性中，常与the same, such 连用；在非限定性中，修饰整个句子，且可以位于句首；与某些动词的固定用法（consider, see, know, etc）只能用that的情况：1. Anything, nothing, something, everything, all, little为先行词； 2先行词有最高级、序数词或the very/ only/ last/ same等修饰时； 3. 既有人也有物时； 4. 本身以who/which开头： who is the person that stands over there?2.2.3 关系副词引导时间、地点、原因，在从句中作状语，相当于at which, in which, for which. 都可以引导限定性定语从句； 只有Why不能引导非限定性定语从句；That的特殊用法： 表示地点 this is the room that he works. 时间 this is the time he arrives. 原因 this is the reason that he came. 方式 this is the way he did it. （how不能用作关系副词表示方式）此时的that 都可以省略。2.2.4 定语从句与同位语从句的区别：表达内容不同；修饰； 说明；先行词不同，同位语的先行词数量有限，且带有信息；判断的标准；加入be连接词；指代内容还是说明时间、地点、原因；2.3 状语从句 副词性从句，在句中修饰形容词、副词、动词。2.3.1 分类 时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、让步、比较、条件 时间状语从句：引导词；when, while, as, before, after, since, ever since, by, until/till, hardlywhen, no soonerthan, as soon as, the moment地点状语从句：Where, wherever.方式状语从句：As, as though/if, 原因状语从句：Because, since, as, seeing that, now that;结果状语从句：So, so that, sothat, suchthat,.目的状语从句：So that, in order that, so, for fear that, in case 让步状语从句：Even though/if, though, although, as, if, while, whereas, no matter+疑问词，-ever复合词；条件状语从句：If, on condition that, as long as, supposing/ suppose that, provided/ providing that, in case, unless,比较状语从句：Asas, the same as, such as, not soas, not the same as, not suchas, than, the, the