现在分词与过去分词.ppt

1,现在分词和过去分词,非谓语动词,1,3,什么是非谓 语动词啊？,“非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词呗!,那不是谓语 是什么呢？,。,4,一、 非谓语使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.,5,英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构 如果出现更多动词： 加连词（and / but / so） 放入从句 变为非谓语动词 例如：,9. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited,6,二、非谓语动词的表现形式有：,动名词 （doing）,(Participles),(Gerund),(Infinitive),不定式 （to do）,过去分词 （done）,现在分词 （doing）,7,动名词 (doing) 起名词作用 不定式 (to do) 起名词、形容词和副词作用 分 词 (doing/done) 起形容词和副词作用,三、非谓语动词的词法特点,8,四、非谓语动词充当的成分,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,9,分词,现在分词与过去分词. 充当成分: 宾语补足语,表语, 定语, 状语.,10,分词+现在分词/过去分词,11,(1).现在分词,现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.,12,（一）现在分词,13,(2)、现在分词的句法功能 具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语,14,1. 现在分词作表语,现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为”使(令) 怎样。” 如: The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting.),15,2. 现在分词作定语（注意：P662-P664）,现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。 A.表示动作正在进行 Dont wake up the sleeping boy. = Dont wake up the boy who is sleeping I don t know the man writing something over there. =I don t know the man who is writing something over there.,16,The girl who is sitting in the corner is adorable. We visited a temple which was built 200 years ago.,B. 后置定语相当于省略的定语从句,17, The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.,27,The houses which are being built are for the survivors in the quake.,18,3.现在分词作宾语补足语,用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系； A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 表示正在进行的意义 We found them reading in the classroom.,19,4. 现在分词作状语,现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等状语。,B. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch表示”使进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态的持续性. The two girls had the light burning all night long.,20,1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念 A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, he,21,B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.,22,C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如: Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework.,2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导的原因状语从句。,23,A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didnt go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to ,24,B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night.,3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句 Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find ,25,4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 Getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting.,26,5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other.,27,6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。 The mother died, leaving five children behind.,注意： 现在分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,28,但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中, 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有:（P674） 1)generally/strickly/+speaking 2)Judging from/talking of/allowing for.（考虑到。） 3) Considering that /seeing that /supposing that,29,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。 人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。,30,分词构句,31,1. _ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not having completing B. Not completed C. Not completing D. Not having completed,Practice,32,2The storm left , _a lot of damage to this area . Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused,33,（二）过去分词,34,(1).过去分词的语法形式,过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。(done),(2)、过去分词的句法功能,具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语,35,1.过去分词作表语,过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如， The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved.,36,注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。 这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被动结构) The cup is broken.(系表结构),37,2.过去分词作定语,过去分词作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点 : A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。 The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building that was built last year can,38,B.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。 fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen,39,C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。 The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise),40,3. 过去分词作宾补,过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来 作感官动词 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 和使役动词如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch的宾补,41,When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket.,42,4. 过去分词作状语,过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。 过去分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语, 而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.,43,1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town ,44,2) 作原因状语 Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. =As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children. 3)作让步状语 Seriously wounded, he still kept on fighting. =Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept.,45,4)作方式或伴随情况状语 She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. =She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter. He sat there, lost in thought. = He sat there, and was lost in thought.,46,_ more attention, the tree could have grown better. （条件状语） A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given. 2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语） A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written,Practice,47,Discussion,1. Follow/ follow by/ follow with/ following 小鸭子跟着鸭妈妈到处走。 The duckling _ its mother everywhere. 闪电过后紧接着是响雷。 The lightning was quickly _ heavy thunder. 这是继工会领袖遭谋杀后引发的示威游行。 These are the demonstrations _ the murder of the union leader.,48,2. Do you know the man _ money? A. having lost B. who has lost C. lost D. losing,49,非谓语动词综合分析,50,一.独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）,非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致； 若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”； 其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。,51,falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. completed, well have a global traveling.,Leaves,Task,52,独立主格的构成(P674-679),基本形式： 1. 逻辑主语 + -ed/-ing形式： 2.逻辑主语 +不定式/ 名词： 3.逻辑主语 +介词短语; 4.逻辑主语 +形容词; 5.逻辑主语 +副词;,53,Examples,1. 逻辑主语+现在分词： 表示主动关系。 如： Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 2.逻辑主语 +过去分词 逻辑主语与过去分词之间是被动关系。 如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。,54,3.逻辑主语 +不定式 逻辑主语与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。 如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 4.逻辑主语 +介词短语 如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。,55,5.逻辑主语 +形容词 如： So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 6.逻辑主语 +副词 如： The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。,56,其他形式,1. with /without 引导的独立主格 (P677) 形式为: with /without + n. + -ed/-ing 2. There being +其他成分 如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 3. It being +其他成分 如： It being Christmas, all the shops were shut.,57,独立主格结构的功能,独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 1. 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 2. 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。,58,3. 用作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。,59,4. 用作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。 5. 表示补充说明 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。,60,独立结构的时态意义（P674-P675）,一般时 现在分词表主动 过去分词表被动 完成时 表示先完成动作的主动意义或先完成动作的被动意义。,61,二、悬垂结构/悬垂致病,请分析下列句子： 1. Looking up at the sky, the moon shone bright and clear. 2. Walking along the lake, the country scenery presented a lovely show.,62,Discussion: 1. 什么是悬垂结构？ 2. 悬垂结构与独立主格结构的关系 3. 为什么会在同学们的造句中出现悬垂致病？,63,悬垂但不致病的情况（P683-685），仅作了解即可。,