英语单词直接拼读.ppt
英语音标 元音 单元音: i: i e u : : u: : 双元音: ei ai i u au i e u 辅音 浊辅音:b d g v z dz l m n r j w 清辅音:p t k f s ts h,c 在字母e,i,y前读/s/,如cell,city,cyst; 其余情况下读/K/,如cat,club,code. g 在字母e,i,y前读/,如gene,gin,gym; 其余情况下读/g/,如beg, golf, game. s 多数情况下读/s/,如six,desk,yes; 有时读/z/,如is,his,visit(读/z/时可下画一条横线)。 x 处于两元音字母之间,且其后元音重读时,读/gz/, 如exist; 其余情况下读/ks/,如six, next, excuse. q 读/k/,如Irq, NASDAQ (股票名); 常与字母u用在一起, qu 读/kw/, 如 quick, question.,辅音字母组合的读音规则 ch,tch 读/,如China, much;catch, match ph,gh 读 /f/,如photo, phone sh 读 /,如shape, she, short, fish th 多数情况下读/,如 three, third 但有时读/ ,如 that, than, with.(读/时可下画一线). wh 在字母o前读/h/,如 who, whom, whose(其中的字母o读/u:/) ; 其余情况下读/w/,如which,when,why. dg,dj 读/,如judge,lodging;adjust,adjective.,n 在和字母 g 构成字母组合时,以及处于读/g/或/k/的字母前(如c, g, k等)读/。 如: long,thing,length;uncle,zinc;angry,finger drink,think,thank. gu 在元音前读/g/, 如guess,guide,guest; 在字母n后读/gw/,如 language ,distinguish, linguist. 字母n因为处于/g/音前而读/. 两个读同一个音的字母并列时,只读一个, 如 little,miss,hill,hobby; clock,neck,black; scene,science,scythe,excite,except according,accuse,occur.,元音字母在重读音节中的读音规则 英语中有四类重读音节:闭音节,开音节,r音节,re音节。 闭音节 指以辅音字母结尾的音节。 元音字母 a,e,i(y),o,u 在重读闭音节中分别读 /e/i/ , 如 hand, help,lip,gym,hot,club. 开音节 指以元音字母、元音字母+哑e或一个辅音字母+哑e结尾 的音节。后者也叫约定开音节. 元音字母 a,e,i(y),o,u 在重读开音节中分别读/ei/i:/ai/u/ju:/ (即读字母名称,但y读/ai/)。 如:face,make,age; he,mete, see,eve; I,hi,by,bye,time,type; go, home,stone,toe; cube,tube,use. 但字母u 在字母 j,l,r 后,读/u:/,不读/ju:/,如 June,blue,rule.,r音节 在r音节中:ar 读/:/, or 读/:/,er, ir, yr, ur 都读/:/。 如:arm,far,start,large,Marx;or,for,cord,order; verb,her,serve;sir,first,dirty,circle,myrtle; hurt,nurse,return,murmur. 注1 双r前的音节,是闭音节,不是r音节。 如:carry,marry,berry,mirror,sorry,hurry. 注2 在/w/音后,ar读/:/, 如 war,warm,warn;or读/:/, 如 :word,work,world,worse. re音节 指元音字母与 re 结合而成的音节。 在re音节中:are读/e/,ere读/i/,ire,yre读/ai/,ore读/ :/, ure 读/ ju/。 如: care,dare,rare,hare,prepare;here,mere,severe; fire,wire,tire,entire,tyre;more,fore,core,before; cure,pure,endure,元音字母在非重读音节中的读音规则 a,o,u 读/,如 China, second, difficult. e, i, y 读/i/,如 result,victim,happy. ar,er,ir,or,ur,yr 读/,如 grammar,letter,circumference,doctor, murmur,martyr,persist,western,eastern. o,u 处于词末时分别读/u/,/ju:/(即不弱化,按重读音节规则读)。 如 cargo, Negro;menu. u 在多音节词中,紧邻重读音节时,读/ju/(即轻度弱化)。 如:regular,popular,monument. a,i,y,u 在多音节动词中,处于约定开音节结尾中,按重读音节读。 如:isolate,advertise,analyse,substitute. y 在多音节动词词末不弱化,读/ai/。 如:satisfy,maltiply,occupy,元音字母组合的读音规则 au,aw 读/:/,如 cause, aural, launch, sauce, law, dawn. eu,ew(iew)读/ju:/,如 neutral, deuce;new, view, review. ou,ow 读/au/,如 house, loud;how,now, down. ai,ay 读/ei/,如 wait, aid;day, may. ei,ey 读/ei/,如 veil, weight;grey, they, convey oi,oy 读/i/,如 choice, oil;boy, toy. ea,ee 读/ i:/,如 eat, cheap;deep, need. ie,(c)ei 读/i:/,如 field, believe;receive, ceiling.,oa 读/u/,如 road, soap, boat. ue 读/ju:/,如 Tuesday, value, pursue. air,aer 读/e/,如 air,fair; aerial, aeroplane. ear,eer 读/i/如 ear, clear;beer, deer. our 读/au/如 our, sour, hour. oo 1.读/u/: 在字母k前(book,look,took)和在 good,foot,stood,wood,wool 及其派生词 (goodness,football,woolen等)中读/u/。 2.读/u:/: 在其余情况下读/u:/,如: ol,food,loose,room,zoo. 3.读/ /: 在flood,blood及其派生词(flooding,bloodless等)中读/ /. igh 读/ai/,如 high, light, might, night. augh,ough 读/:/,如 daughter, caught, taught;ought,fought, thought。 oul 在 could,should,would 中读/u/。,几个非重读后缀或字母组合的读音规则 a 在后缀-ace,-ade,-age,-ate中读/i/,如 palace,comrade,village,accurate. e 在后缀-el,-en,-ent,-ence,-ency中读/,如cruel,open,student,silence,fluency. i 在后缀-ible中读/, 如 possible. ai,ay,ei,ey 在非重读音节中一般弱读为/i/,如mountain,Friday,forfeit,valley. -ful 读/ful/,如 helpful, harmful, useful. -gue 读/g/,如 dialogue, catalogue. -que 读/k/,如 cheque, picturesque. -ous 读/s/,如 famous, generous, nervous. -our 读/,如 favour, honour, labour. -ure 读/,如 figure, injure. 但在failure中读/j/.,-ow 读/u/,如 window, yellow, pillow. -ture 读/,如 picture, culture, furniture. -sure 在元音字母后读/,如 closure, exposure. 在辅音字母后读/,如 pressure,flexure(x=ks). -ion 读/n/, 如 fashion, cushion. -tion 读/n/ 如 nation, production, solution. -stion 读/sn/ , 如 question, sugestion, digestion. -sion 在元音字母后读/n/,如 vsion, occasion, divsion; 在辅音字母后读/n/,如discussion,impression,expansion.,-ce,-ci,-si,-ti,-xi 在字母 a,e,o 前读/,如: ocean; social;Asia partial; Egyptian;suffcient;patient;prcious;Russian;anxious. -i 在字母 d,t,n,l 后,且在元音字母前,读/j/。 如 :audience,frontier,opinion,familar. -ed(过去式后缀)在清辅音后读 /t/,如:worked, jumped, missed. 在浊辅音和元音后读 /d/,如:robbed, begged;layed,studied. 在字母d,t 后读 /id/,如:needed, plnted. -(e)s(名词或动词词尾) 在清辅音后读 /s/,如:desks, lamps, looks. 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,如:pigs, pens, plays, goes. 在/,z,s/等音后读/iz/,如:urges, watches, wishes, rses, faces.,重读符号 单音节词单读时都重读,不需要用重读符号标注。 双音节词和多音节词中,有的音节是重读音节, 有的则是非重读音节,重读音节就要用重读符号标注。 有些单词中,除重读音节和非重读音节外,还有次重读音节,也需要用重读符号标注。 在单词上直接标音时,重读符号()标在重读音节的后上方(如 reading); 次重音符号()标在次重读音节的后下方(如 engineer)。 请注意:直接标音法的重读符号,还具有分音节的作用, 如 student 和 study, stu 是开音节,而stud是闭音节,故字母u的读法不同,哑音符号( . ) 可用来指出不读音的字母。 标注了这个符号的字母,读音时可视若其无,其余的字母仍按前述读音规则读音。 不读音的辅音字母。 例如: knife, lamb, autumn, write, psychology, pneumonia, exhibit, rhyme, whistle, listen, hour. 不读音的元音字母。 例如:heart, earn, learn, early, year, door, floor, roar, board, coarse, hoarse, four,pour, course, touch, country, friend, build, young, people, though, owe, eye. 因强度弱化而不读音的元音字母。 Eg: vital, final, shorten, less en, level, channel, devil, civil, esson, cotton,certain, curtain, poisonous, different, interesting. 哑e一般可以不用哑音符号,但容易引起混淆时仍需使用。 Eg: amuse amusement shame shamed becide becides,提醒符号( ) 用于:1.提醒发浊音,2.提醒发音不符合前述读音规则 3.提醒其读音标在单词后面, 提醒 s,th,x,f 发浊音/z/,/ /,/gz/,/v/。例如: visit, his, is;that, with, further, gather;exist, exam ;of. 提醒在非重读音节中 a,o,u不读/,而读/i/。例如: character, literature, temperature; hydrogen; minute. 提醒 e,i,y不读/i/,而读/。例如: cancel;April,holiday;analysis 提醒在e,i,y 前g不读/,而读/。例如: get,gift,give,girl,begin,forget,target. 提醒该字母(组合)的读音用国际音标标注在单词后边。例如: machne /, chef /, grage /, regme /, fortune /, usual /, procedure /,soldier / /, suite /w/, persuade /w/, dissuade /w/, clerk /:/, sew /u/, sewing /u/, suger /, sure /, busy /i/, busily /i/, bury /e/, burial /e/, one /wn/.,四类重读音节符号 闭音节符号( ): ,(), 分别读 /e/i/。 开音节符号( ): a, e, i(y),o,u 分别读 /ei/i:/ai/u/ju:/。 r音节符号( ): ar 读/:/, or读/:/ , er, ir(yr),ur读/:/。 re音节符号( ):are 读/e/, ere 读/i/, ire (yre) 读/ai/, ore 读 /:/ , ure/读/ju/. 有时在非重读音节中元音不弱化,而按重读音节读, 这时就要用到这些符号。例如: concpt, ctober, dult hotel, female, biology expert, corridor, suburb empire, atmosphere, software duration, environmenal, periodic,r音节和re音节容易混淆,有时要用r音节符号和re音节符号来区分。例如: vry, Amrica, mrit, frest, sprit; vary, hero, virus, oral, during scarce, scarcely, scarcity 有时开音节和闭音节需要用相应符号来区分。例如: gve, lve, hve;condtion, vsion, spcial, defcient; typist, spacing, stony, wholly, striking, ninth; change, strange, chamber;cold,bolt, roll, gross, most, both, only, control; find, mind, child, mild. 字母e在re,ar,ir前有时读/e/,这时也可用闭音节符号标注。例如: whre, thre, war, tar, thir,几个直接标音符号 用来标注元音的特殊读音。 =/:/ :sk, dnce, fter, bth, clm,clf, grss, chnce, demnd, enhnce,crft, drft, stff,fther, lst, pth, rther, plm, hlf, exmple, behlf, unt, lugh, lughter. =/i:/:lter, klo, antque, fatgue, marne, mosquto, routne, mgazne, automoble. =/u:/: flid, rin, frit, fritful, jice, crise, sit, rotine, group, wond, sop, rote, yoth, yothful =/u:/: d, und, t, tw, wh, whm, whse, mve, mvement, remve, remval, prve, imprve, imprvement, apprve, apprval, lse, she. u=/u/: bush, bullet, bulletin, butcher, cruel, cruelty, full, fully,f ulfill, pull,pulley, push, put. o=/u/ ondo, into, woman, wolf, contour, poor. =/i/: da, dal, recip, thorem, nglish,prtty, ral, msum, thory.,借用国际音标直接标音 为了便于记忆有时可把相应的国际音标标注在字母上面 在个别情况下,字母a读/e/。这时就可把国际音标/e/标在字母a上。例如: any,many,says,said. 在/w/音后,字母有时读/。这时就可把/标在a上。例如: want, wash, watch, watch, wander, wallet, watt, kilowatt, swallow, what; quality, qualitative, quantity, quantitative, quarrel, equal, equality. 在字母l和d前,字母a有时读/:/. 这时可将:标在字母a上。例如: all, almost, ball. call, fall, hall, tall, wall, stall, install, recall, small, halt, salt, also, alter, always, already, altogether, although, alternate, alternative, water, false, chalk, talk, walk, abroad, broad, broadcast, broaden. 字母o有时读/。这时也可将/标在其上。例如: come, become, comfort, comfomtable, company, compulsary, discomfort, front, confront, honey, love ,Monday, money, monkey, month, none, some, tongue, brother, above, nothing, another, other, cover, colour, dozen, worry, nion, sn, spnge, tn.,