2022年高考英语各种知识点总结.docx

精品_精品资料_高考各种学问点总结have sth to do 仍是 have sth to be done“ Do you have anything, Professor Smith.” “ No, thanks.”A. to typeB. typingC. to be typedD. being typed依据 I have something to type. I have a letter to write. He has some clothes to wash.等相关句式类推,很多同学毫不徘徊的挑选了A 答案,但是错了,正确答案应是C.的确,在 “have+ 宾语 +不定式 ”结构中,用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义,如I have a letter towrite之类的,按理说其中的a letter 与其后的不定式之类的,按理说其中的to write具有被动关系,即 “信”应当是 “被写 ”,但这里却习惯上用主动式表示这个被动意义.不过同学们仍要留意一点, 就是这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系,如 I have a letter to write. 中的 to write就是由该句主语I 来完成的.而上面一题的情形就稍有不同,即其中的to type 这一动作不是由句子主语to type you 在此指 Professor Smith 来完成的,而是由说话 者“我”来完成的,句意为“史密斯教授,你有什么文件要我打字吗？”请再看一例：I m going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your son. 我下个星期要去北京,你有什么东西要带给你儿子的吗？句中的 to be taken 用了被动式而没用主动式,缘由就是“带”这个动作不是句子主语you 去完成的,而是由说话者 “我”来完成的. 比较下面的句子： Are you going to Beijing. Do you have anything to take to your son.你要去北京吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？I m going to Beijing next week. I have a lot of things to take with me.下个星期我要去北京,我随身要带很多东西去.what he could to do考题的应计策略The soldiers tried their best and did what they couldagainst the flood.A. fightB. to fightC. fightingD. fought有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词could 就确定此处应填动词原形fight ,即确定选 A 答案.其实选错了,正确答案应是BA .这是一个省略句,即在could后省略了动词do,如把句子补完整应为The soldiers tried their best and did what they could do to fight against the flood 士兵们竭尽全力抗洪 .即句中的不定式短语to fight against the flood用作目的状语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_的,而不是与情态动词could 一起构成谓语.请再看类似例句：1 He did what he could to help us. 他尽力帮忙我们. 2 He saved what he could to buy a car. 他尽量节省每一分钱以便买车. 3 He ran as fast as he could to catch the early bus. 他拼命的跑以便赶上早班车.至此,有的同学可能又会想当然的认为,今后只要遇到类似结构的题选带to 不定式就万事大吉了,但也不肯定,例外仍是有的,仍得具体问题具体分析.请看下例：(4) He ran as fast as he couldto catch the early bus.A. to hopeB. hopeC. hopingD. hoped如依据以上 “体会 ”认为此题要选A 答案,那就又错了.此题应选C,其中的现在分词短语hoping to catch the early bus用作相伴状语.(5) He spent every minute he couldspoken English.A. practiseB. to practiseC. practisingD. practised【分析】此题应选C,它与以上各题的情形均有所不同,虽然与上面的第4题的答案一样, 均为动词的 ing 形式,但也不完全一样：第4 ing 的 hoping为现在分词,在句中用作 相伴状语.而此题的practising是动名词,之所以用它与前面动词spent 的搭配有关,即spend in doing sth.(6) Mr Smith made up his mind to devote all he couldhis oral English before going abroad. A. improveA.B. to improveC. improvingD. to improving【分析】此题答案选D ,留意两点：一是devote to是固定搭配,意为“把 奉献给”.二是其中的to 是介词,不是不定式符号,后接动词时要用动名词very impossible仍是 quite impossible请看下面一道题：he said at the meeting the other day wasimpossible.A. That, veryB. That, quiteC. What, veryD. What, quite【分析】此题应选D ,但简洁误选C,第一空填 what,用作动词 said 的宾语,这是对的. 但其次空按汉语意思填very,表示 “很不行能 ”,这是不对的.依据英语习惯,修饰那些表示 极限 ”limit意义的形容词 （如： impossible, empty, full, certain, sure, right, wrong, enough, alone可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_等）,不宜用 very,而用 quite .注： quite 有两个主要意思：一是表示程度,意为“相当 ”、“仍算 ”“用法与 fairly, very, rather一样, 只是程度或语气不同 ,此时主要修饰那些可以显示 出程度的形容词或副词.二是表示极限limit ,意为 “完全的 ”、“全然的 ”等,此时主要修饰 那些没有程度差异的形容词或副词.现在进行时表示将来意义现在进行时主要表示现在或目前正在进行的动作：We're having a meeting.我们在开会.My head is aching.我头很疼.Where is she teaching. 她在哪儿教书？She's spending the summer at the seaside. 她在海边度暑假.另外,现在进行时仍可表示将来,主要用于表示按方案或支配要发生的动作.如：I'm leaving tomorrow.我明天走.They're getting married next month.他们下个月结婚.Are you meeting Bill this evening.你今晚将和比尔见面吗？能这样用的动词不多,常用的有：arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work 等.顺便说一句,我们除可用现在进行时表将来外,仍可用一般现在时表将来,两者的区分是：用现在进行时表示将来,其方案性较强, 并往往示意一种意图.而一般现在时表示将来,就其客观性较强,即通常被视为客观事实,多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情形.比较： I'm not going out this evening.今晚我不预备出去.What time does the train leave.火车什么时候开？假如主语是 train, concert, programme 等表示事物的名词, 动词通常一般现在时表将来,而不用进行时.如：What time does the train leave.火车什么时候开？The program begins at 4.这个节目四点开头.谈谈 “动词 +宾语 +不定式 ”结构可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_“动词 +宾语 +不定式 ”是英语中一个特别有用的结构,不仅是考试中的重要考点,而且在口语中也用得特别广泛. 可用于该结构的常用动词有advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, cause, command,encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, remind, teach, tell, trouble, want, warn, wish等.如： I hate women to smoke.我不喜爱女人抽烟The doctor advised me to take a complete rest.医生建议我完全休息.He didn t allow the students to go there他. 没让同学们去那儿. The cold weather caused the plants to die. 天气冰冷冻死了植物.He ordered the work to be started at once. 他命令立刻开头工作.We expected him to arrive yesterday.我们原认为他昨天会到的.We invited him to take part in the celebration.我们邀请他一起参与庆祝会.The doctor warned him not to smoke.医生警告他不要抽烟.My parents encouraged me to study abroad. 父母勉励我出国留学.They forced her to sign into signing the paper.他们强迫她在文件上签字.He persuaded his wife to change her mind.他说服他妻子转变了想法.值得留意的是,汉语中很多“某人做某事 ”的情形不能想当然的用此结构来翻译,下面是一些典型的例子：汉语可说 “可怕某人做某事 ”,但英语不说fear sb to do sth.如：我可怕他会发觉我们.误：I fear him to find us.正： I fear that he will find us.汉语可说 “原谅某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 excuse forgive sb to do sth .如：请原谅我没有 早点给你回信.误： Excuse me not to answer your letter earlier. 误： Excuse me not to have answered your letter earlier. 正：Excuse me for not answering your letter earlier. 正：Excuse me for not having answered your letter earlier. 正：Excuse my not answering your letter earlier. 正：Excuse my not having answered your letter earlier.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_汉语可说 “拒绝某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 refuse sb to do sth.如：他拒绝我使用他的自行车.误： He refused me to use his bike. 正： He refused to let me use his bike.正：He didn t allow me to use his bike.汉语可说 “惩处某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 punish sb to do sth.如：老师罚他扫的. 误：The teacher punished him to sweep the floor. 正： The teacher punished him by requiring him to sweep the floor.汉语可说 “建议某人做某事 ”,但英语不说suggest sb to do sth.如：他妻子建议他戒烟.误： His wife suggested him to give up smoking. 正： His wife suggested that he should give up smoking. 正：His wife suggested his him giving up smoking.正：His wife advised him to give up smoking.汉语可说 “同意某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 agree sb to do sth.如：他们同意我做这事.误： They agreed me to do it. 正： They agreed to let me do it. 正： They agreed to my doing it.汉语可说 “通知某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 inform sb to do sth .如：我已通知他们立刻离开.误：I've informed them to leave at once.正：I've told them to leave at once. 正：正：I've informedthem that they must leave at once.汉语可说 “欢迎某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 welcome sb to do sth .欢迎你们来我们学校.误：Welcome you to come to our school. 正： Welcome to our school. 让我们欢迎史密斯先生讲话.New Roman'">< 误： Let s welcome Mr Smith to speak正. ： Let s welcome Mr Smith and ask him to speak.汉语可说 “坚持某人做某事 ”,但英语不说insist sb to do sth .如：他坚持要我留在那儿.误： He insisted me to stay there. 误： He insisted on me to stay there. 正： He insisted on mystaying there.正： He insisted that I should stay there.汉语可说 “期望某人做某事 ”,但英语不说hope sb to do sth.如：他期望他全部的同学都 能考上高校.误： He hopes all of his students to pass the college entrance examinations. 正： Hehopes for all of his students to pass the college entrance examinations.New Roman' mso-ascii-font-family: '正： He wishes all of his students to pass the college entranceexaminations. 正：He hopes that all of his students can pass the college entrance examinations. 汉可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_语可说 “支配某人做某事 ”,但英语不说arrange sb to do sth.如：我已支配他去参与会议. 误： I've arranged him to attend the meeting. 正： I've arranged for him to attend the meeting. 正： I've arranged that he should attend the meeting. 汉语可说 “要求某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 demand sb to do sth.如：他要求我把一切都告知他. 误：He demanded me to tell him everything.正： He demanded of me to tell him everything. 正： He demanded that I should tell himeverything. 汉语可说 “感谢某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 thank sb to do sth.如：感谢你的邀请.误：Thank you to invite me. 正：Thank you for inviting me.注：I'll thank you to do sth可表示 “求你做某事 ”、“你 好不好 ”用作反语 .如： I'll thank you to be quiet while I'm speaking.我讲话时请你寂静点好不好.汉语可说“庆贺某人做某事 ”,但英语不说 congratulate sb to dosth.如：他写信庆贺她当选为劳模.误：He wrote to congratulate her to be chosen as a modern worker. 正： He wrote to congratulate her on being chosen as a modern worker.seem to be 后 to be 的省略问题在英语全部的连系动词中, 除了 be 这个最常见的外, seem 应当算是最常见的连系动词之一.而对于 seem 的用法,很多同学有个误会,就是以为seem 后接表语时,表语前可随便的加上 to be,也可随便的去掉to be.其实, seem 后 to be 的省略和保留有不少讲究和值得留意的的方,本文归纳以下五种情形,供同学们参考.一、后接形容词时一、后接形容词时当seem 后接形容词作表语时,假如谈的是客观事实,即看上去确定是真实的东西,通常用seem to be.假如谈的是主观印象,就通常只用seem.但由于这种区分在没有上下文的情形下并不总是很清晰,所以在很多情形下两个结构均可以用.如：He seems to be ill.他似乎生病了. He seems to be quite happy. 他似乎很兴奋. Heseems to be quite rich 他似乎相当富有. She seems to be very sleepy today. 今日她看上去很困倦.但在有些情形下,由于其语境比较特别,可能用其中一个结构比另一个结构更合适,如下面一句中的 seems后最好不用 to be：He seems older than he is. 他看上去比实际年龄大.二、后接名词时在名词前通常要用seem to be在名词前通常要用特别是当名词前带有定冠词或物主代词修饰时 ,如以下各句中的 to be 均不能省略. 如：He seemed to be the owner of the car. 他似乎就是车主.I spoke to a man who seemed to be the boss. 我跟一个人说话,他看上去像是老板. Washing the car seems to be your main hobby.洗车似乎是你的主要爱好. 但是, 在着重表现主观感受的名词短语前,有时可以省去to be.此时名词前通常会有一个描画性可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_形容词修饰.如： It seems to be a good idea. 那似乎是个好想法.It seems to be a realbargain. It seems to be a real b Roman'"> 这东西似乎很廉价.下面一句中的fool 前虽然没有形容词修饰,但 a fool 本身相当于形容词foolish ：He seems to be a fool. 他似乎是个笨蛋.他似乎是个笨蛋.三、后接非谓语动词时后接不定式的被动式时,有时可以省略to be,而只保留过去分词 特别是当其中的过去分词可用作形容词时更是如此.如：.如：Ann and Robert seem to be madefor each other. 安和罗伯特真似天生的一对.She didn t seem to be convinced by the argument. 这个论点似乎没有使她信服.但后接不定式的进行式时,通常不能省略to be,由于 seem 后习惯上不接现在分词作表语.所以, 下面各句中的 to be 后习惯上不接现在分词作表语.所以,下面各句中的均不宜省略：He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么.History seems to be repeating itself.历史似乎在重演. His health seems to be improving little by little.他健康状况看来正在好转.seem to be doing sth 结构中的 doing 不是现在分词,而是形容词,就可省略其中的to be.如： His idea seems to be exciting.他的想法看来令人兴奋.She seemed to be lacking in enthusiasm. 她似乎缺乏热忱.四、用于 there be 结构时当 seem 用于 there be 结构时,其通常的表现形式为There seems to be,其中的 to be 可以省略, 也可以保留, 但以保留为多见. 如：There seems to be something wrong here. 这儿似乎有点不大对劲.There seems to be a mistake in these figures. 这些数字 中似乎有个错误.There seemed to be nobody about, so I went in.邻近似乎没有人,因此我 就走了进去. There seems to be every reason to believe that business will get better.看来完全有理由信任生意会转好.注：省略to be 后, seem 便直接充当了be 的作用.五、后接表语形容词时在作表语用的以a-开头的形容词前通常不能省略to be.如：He seemed to be alone. 他似乎是一个人.The children seem to be asleep. 孩子们似乎睡着了.The children seemed to be awake when I went into their room.在我进屋时, 孩子们似乎醒了.whatever,whoever,whichever引导名词性从句可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_一、基本用法概说英语中的-ever 词主要包括 whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever,wherever, however等,其中可引导名词性从句的主要有whatever, whoever, whichever 等, 其中可引导 Roman' mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.这里所说的名词性从句主 要指主语从句和宾语从句,它们通常不用于引导同位语从句,同时也很少用于引导表语从句.如： Whatever he said was right.无论他说什么都是对的.引导主语从句 I don t believewhatever he said. 无论他说什么我都不信.引导宾语从句 在某些特定的语境中,也可用于引导表语从句.如：What he wants to get is whatever you have.他想得到的是你所拥有的一切.二、whatever 引导的名词性从句whatever 的意思是 “whatever所 的一切事或东西 ”,可视为 what 的强调说法, 其含义大致相当于anything that ,whatever 在从句中可用作主语、 宾语、定语.如： Do whatever she tells you and youll have pe她ac叫e.你干什么你就干什么,那你就太平了. I don btelieve in letting children do whatever they like.我不赞成让孩子为所欲为.Goats eat whatever food they can find.山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物.三、 whoever 引导的名词性从句whoever 的意思 “任何 的人 ”,在意义上大致相当于 anybody who .whoever 在从句中可用作主语或宾语.如：I ll take whoever wants to go.谁想去我就带谁去. Whoever says that is a liar.说那话的人是个骗子.She can marry whoever shechooses. 她情愿嫁谁就嫁谁. I ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 谁想要这票, 我就把它给谁. Tell whoever you like it makes no difference to me.你爱告知谁就告知谁吧,对我是无 所谓的.注： whoever 既用作主语也可用作宾语作宾语时不宜用 whomever ,由于在现代英语中 whomever 已几乎不用 .另外,留意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：谁赢了都可以获奖.PAN> 误：Who wins can get a prize. 误：Anyone wins can get a prize.正：Whoever wins can get a prize.正： Anyone who wins can get a prize.四、 whichever 引导的名词性从句man'"whichever 的意思 “的那个人或事物 ”,在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that .whichever 在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语.如： You can pick whichever one you like.你喜爱哪个就挑哪个.Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize. 你们谁第一谁就能得奖. We'll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table.哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧.Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.我们当中无论哪个先到家, 哪个就先开头做饭.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_五、引导状语从句的用法五、引导状语从句的用法whatever, whoever, whichever 除用于引导的名词性从句外,仍可用于引导状语从句,分别相当于no matter what, no matter who, no matter which .如：I ll stand by you whatever =no matter what happens. 无论如何我都支持你.Whoever =No matter who wants to speak to me on thephone, tell them I m不b管us谁y.要我接电话,就说我现在正忙.Whichever =No matter which you buy, there is a six-monthguarantee. 不管买哪个都有六个月的保修期.for sb to do sth的用法“ for+ 不定式 ”是英语中一个特别有用的结构,不仅在阅读懂得中常常显现,而且,假如同学们在书面表达中能奇妙的运用它, 将会增加文章亮点, 提高文章的档次. 为帮忙同学们正确懂得和把握这一结构, 本文对这一结构的用法作了一个全面的归纳, 同时, 对于其使用上应留意的的方也给出了具体的说明.一、 “for+宾语 +不定式 ”的句法功能 1. 用作主语 For you to ask Joe would be a big mistake.你要是去问乔,那将是一大错误.For Ann to go to France would make me very happy.安要是到法国去将使我感到很兴奋.注： 这类结构通常会借助形式主语来表达,即在句首使用形式主语,而将真正用作主语的 “for+宾语 +不定式 ”结构移至句末. 如：It s too expensive for me to buy.太贵了,我买不起.It s impossible for me to leave my family.我是不行能离开家的.It s impossible for the job to be finished in time.这项任务要按时完成是不行能的.It s an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话.It s a new experience for her to be travelling by plane坐.飞机对她是 次新经受. It ll taketime for her to recover from the illness.她的病要很长时间才能痊愈.It took twenty minutes for the smoke to clear.过了 20 分钟烟才散完.2. 用作表语It is for you to decide.该由你来打算.His idea is for us to travel in separate cars.他的意思是我们不要同乘一辆汽车.Our aim is for students to learn as quickly as possible.我们的目的是让同学尽快学到东西.All I want is for us to be together.我期望的只是我们能在一起.The simplest thing is for him to resign.最简洁的方法是他辞职.3. 用作宾语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_She hates for people to feel sad. 她不愿看到人们忧心忡忡.They didn t mean for her to read the lette他r. 们并未准备让她看那封信.I would like for you to stay as long as you want.我期望你留下来,想留多久就留多久.注：这类结构用作宾语的情形主要见于非正式的美国英语中,且主要限于like, hate, mean, intend 等少数动词.不过,当有形式宾语时,这类结构用作宾语的情形倒是很普遍留意形式宾语的 使用 .如： He made it very difficult for us to refuse.他弄得我们很难拒绝.I thought it strange for -FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">她这么晚仍不回来,我觉得有些古怪.4. 用作定语It s time for everybody to go to bed是. 大家睡觉的时候了.There s nothing for the cats to eat猫. 没有东西可吃了.Have you got something for me to do.你给我找了什么事做吗.All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.剩下我所要做的就是告别了.5. 用作同位语He gave orders for one million military personnel to demobilize.他命令 100 万军人复员.6. 用作状语 1目的状语.如：目的状语.如：I can t wait for them to finish talkin.g 我不能等到他们把话谈完.She opened the door for me to come in.她开门让我进去.She looked up and nodded for me to come in.她抬起头来,并点头让我进去.For sales