高三英语语法专题(二)名词性从句(11页).doc

-高三英语语法专题(二)名词性从句-第 11 页高三英语语法专题（二）名词性从句在英语中，通常把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句统称为名词性从句。名词性从句在句中相当于一个名词或名词词组，在句中充当主语、 表语、宾语或同位语等。引导名词性从句的词通常分为三 类:连接词有that/whether/if等;连接代词有what/ who / which/ whatever / whoever / whichever / whom / whomever 等;连接副词有when / where / why / how等，名词性从句中缺少什么成分就找什么引导词，如果不缺少成分通常用that来引导。 一主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is 名词从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a pity that 可惜的是(2) It is 形容词从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that奇怪的是 It is certain that 很肯定(3) It连系动词或不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that碰巧(4) It is过去分词从句 It is reported that据报道 It has been proved that已证实3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语,宾语,表语，而that 则不然。 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a surprise to all of us.二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：I heard that he joined the army.注意：在insist, order, demand, require, suggest, advise等表示坚持、命令、要求、建议等意义的动词后，that从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”的结构（虚拟语气）。2. 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. I am confident that I can get the job.that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等;也可以将此类词后的that从句看作原因状语从句。4. It 可以作为形式宾语It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。I think it necessary that we read English every day.用于此句型常见的动词和短语:appreciate, like, dislike, hate, love, count on/upon(期待), depend on/upon (依靠),rely on (指望), see to (确保), insist on, takefor granted（相当然）, bringto ones attention等Please see to it that the door is locked before you leave.I dont like it that people speak with their mouthes full.You may rely on it that everything will be ready by Monday.5. 否定的转移若主语为I/we think/consider/ suppose/ believe/expect/guess/imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：I dont think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）三表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。1) The question is whether we can make good preparations in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) The fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。它对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.五、名词性从句考点扫描：考点一: 一些引导词的使用that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，只起连接主从句的作用而不充当句子的任何成分，此时that不可以省略; that引导宾语从句时，不充当成分，往往可以省略，但以下几种情况一般不省略: 在句型"主语+谓语+it(形式宾语)+ 补足语+that从句"中，that不可以省略。 如:The manager has made it clear to us that he doesn't agree with us. 当由两个that引导的从句作同一个动词或介词的宾语时，第二个从句中的that不能省略。如: Mr Smith told the workers (that) John had worked very hard and that he wanted him to stay. 当宾语从句是由主从复合句充当并且从句在前时，that一般不省略. 如: She says that if her father allows her to join us，she will come here on time. 有插入语或其它成分把宾语从句和主句分开时。如: She explained to me that she was not wrong. 当that引导的宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。如:He explained that what she was looking for was a pair of socks. 当从句的主语是that时。如 She says that that will be a real treat for her. 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中所缺少的成分如果表示"是否"，则用whether引导，而不用if引导;在宾语从句中，whether与if往往可以换用。但在下列几种情况不可以互换:whether与or(not)连用时;介词后的宾语从句用whether引导;discuss后的宾语从句用whether引导表示"是否"如果if引导有歧义时，通常用whether引导;if可以引导条件句，而whether不可以.典型考例 1. We haven't settled the question of_ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (2006江苏卷) A.if B. where C. whether D. that 解析C. of介词之后的宾语从句要用whether引导，表示"是否"，不可以用if引导。 2. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and_ it is rough or smooth. (2005天津卷) A.不填 B. whether C.how D.what解析B. 根据后面的or可以判断此处用whether引导宾语从句作tell的宾语。 3. _ Mr.Liu will consider this opinion or not is not clear. A. If B. That C.How D.Whether 解析D。根据后面的or not结构判断此处应用whether来引导主语从句。 4. You must answer the question _ you have received her letter or not. A. what B. that C. whether D. if 解析C. 同位语从句表示"是否" 含义且与or not连用时，通常用whether引导，而不用if引导。 why与because都可以引导表语从句，但用法不同。如果表语从句表述的事情和"结果"有关，则用why来引导;如果表语从句指的事情和"原因"有关，则用because来引导。主句主语是 reason时，表语从句引导词用that，不用because。如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the first bus. 典型考例 1. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. -Is that_ you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. what D. where解析A.该表语从句表示"结果"',所以用why引导。 2. That he hasn't come is_ he is busy writing the papers. A. that B. what C. why D. because 解析D."忙于写论文是没有来的原因"，表语从句表示"原因"，所以用because引导。3._ she couldn't understand was_ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.（上海卷) A. What.why B. That.what C. What.because D. Why.that 解析A。第一空是what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作understand 的宾语,第二空是表语从句表示"结果"，所以用why来引导。考点二:名词性从句的语序 在使用名词性从句时，应该注意的是引导词加陈述句语序，千万不可以用疑问句语序。 典型考例 1. These shoes look very good. I wonder_ (2006上海春季) A.how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C.how much they cost D. how much are they cost 解析C。该句是wonder引导的宾语从句，宾语从句用引导词加陈述句语序。 2. Mum is coming. What present _for your birthday? (2005福建卷) ， A. you expect she has got B. you expect has she got C. do you expect she has got D. do you expect has she got 解析C. 在do you expect(think/suppose/guess等)的宾语从句中，往往疑问词提前构成双重疑问句，即:特殊疑问词+do you expect (think/suppose/ guess等)+陈述句结构。 3. I have always been honest and straightforward，and it doesn't matter _ Im talking to. (2004广东卷) A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D.it is whom 解析B。此句中的第一个it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句。该从句是由强调句型构成，由于对特殊疑问词强调，所以构成从句时应用"特殊疑问词+陈述句语序"。 4.The boss asked me_ just now. A.what was the matter B.what the matter was C.how was the matter D.how the matter was 解析A. what's the matter在宾语从句中语序不变，因为what在从句中是作主语而不是表语。 考点三:名词性从句中的语气在It+be+adj+that从句结构中，如果形容词是necessary、important、 natural、strange、urgent、surprising等时，那么that从句应该使用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。 典型考例 1. It was necessary that Tom _to the hospital at once. A. was sent B. be sent C. would be sent D. sends (B)2.-Don't you think it necessary that he to Miami but to New York?-I agree，but the problem is _ he has refused to. (2005江苏卷)A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D.should not send; what (B) 在表示“坚持insist,建议suggest, advise, propose,命令order,要求require, request, demand”等词后面的名词性从句中往往要使用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。如果是这些词的名词或过去分词形式，它们所接的名词性从句一样要用虚拟语气。 3.Mr. Wu's advice was that my mother_ smoking. A. gives up B. gave up C. will give up D. give up (D) 4.Its suggested that the patient be sent to hospital at once .注意: (一) I dont think highly of the advice that he gave on how to learn English well. (二)suggest表示"建议"时，宾语从句要使用虚拟语气；但表示"暗示，表明"时，要用陈述语气; insist表示"坚持要求"时，宾语从句要使用虚拟语气;但表示"坚持认为"时，应用陈述语气。Her pale face suggested that she was ill, so we suggested that she should be sent to hospital. Tom insisted that he was right and that the teacher (should) apologize to him at once. 考点四:宾语从句中的时态 宾语从句中动词的时态往往受主句动词时态的影响。如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么从句的谓语动词时态通常为过去时态中的一种；如果主句是祈使句或主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，那么从句动词可根据句意使用任何一种形式；如果宾语从句陈述的是一种客观事实，那么宾语从句要使用一般现在时。如：（1）My mother said she would go to see my grandparents. (2) The geography teacher said the sun rises in the east. 典型考例 1.1 think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone，for I sometimes want to make sure if he _home for dinner. (2006辽宁卷) A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come 解析D. make sure后是if引导的宾语从句，根据句意(是否回来吃晚饭) ，此处表示将来时间，所以从句动词用一般将来时。 2. Customers are asked to make sure that they_ the right change before leaving the shop. (2006重庆卷) A.will give B.have been given C.have given D.will be given 解析B。根据before leaving the shop可知give这一动作在之前发生，由于是被动关系，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。 3.-Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. -Oh ! I thought they _without me. (2005江西卷) A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone 解析D。答句中的go这一动词在thought这一动作之前，表示"过去之过去"，因而用过去完成时。I thought表示"原以为。考点五:含干扰因素的名词性从句 命题人为了增加题目的难度，往往对名词性从句增加干扰因素，常见的有两种形式:一是将名词性从句(多为同位语从句)与中心词分隔开来;二是在从句中增加插入成分。同位语从句与中心词之间经常被谓语或其它修饰语分开，此时应注意分清结构。典型考例1. A warm thought suddenly came to me_ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother s birthday.(2006安徽卷) Aif B. when C. that D. which 解析C. that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的主语A warm thought 。2-It's thirty years since we last met. -But I still remember the story，believe it or not, _we got lost on a rainy night. (2006四川卷) A. which B. that C. what D. when 解析B. that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的the story， believe it or not (信不信由你)是插入语。 3. -What did your parents think about your decision? -They always let me do_ I think I should. (2006全国卷ll) A. when B. that C. how D. what 解析D. 在do后面的宾语从句中，I think是插入成分，宾语从句中缺少should (do)的宾语，所以用what引导。考点六: 名词性从句与其它从句的比较名词性从句与其它从句的比较主要体现在以下三个方面:主语从句与 as引导的非限制性定语从句的比较;定语从句与同位语从句的比较(定语从句起修饰作用，同位语从句起说明或解释作用) ; that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，that一般不能省略;而that作为关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中可作主语和宾语，作宾语时可省略。如: (l)The news that he passed the exam was a great surprise. (同位语从句)(2)The news (that) he told me was a great surprise.(定语从句)"疑问词+ever"引导名词性从句与引导让步状语从句的比较。典型考例 1._is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger，more prosperous economy. (2006浙江卷) A. As B.That C. This D. It 解析D. 该句是主语从句的变形，用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。其句型结构是:It+be+n. (adj/ p.p.)+that从句。 2._is reported in the newspaper， talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京卷) A.It B.As C. That D. What 解析B。此句是as引导的非限制性定语从句，并不是主语从句。 as引导非限制性定语从句时，往往用逗号将句子分开。3、-Do you have anything to say for yourselves? -Yes, there s one point _we must insist on.(2006江西卷) A why B where C how D /解析D。此句是定语从句而不是同位语从句，因为从句中介词后面缺少宾语，关系代词作宾语可以省略。 4. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class_ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (2006重庆卷) A. why B. that C. where D. because 解析B. that引导同位语从句 (that在此不作成分，只起连接作用) ，说明his reason的具体内容，不能把此句看作定语从句. 5.The old tower must be saved_ the cost. (2005浙江卷) A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever 解析B. 句意:古塔一定要挽救，不管花费多少钱。该题是whatever引导的让步状语从句作is的表语(is省略)，相当于"no matter+疑问词"引导的让步状语从句。 6. You can eat food free in my restaurant_ you like. (2004重庆卷) A. whenever B. . wherever C. whatever D. however 解析A. 此处表示"无论何时"，所以用whenever来引导状语从句。 7._team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.(2006山东卷) A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever 解析D. whichever引导主语从句,作team的定语，表示"无论哪一个"。【高考题荟萃】2009年1. It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over.（上海卷）A. since             B. what          C. when D. whether2. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life. （湖南卷）A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever3. The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. （江西卷）A. what B. which C. that D. though4. Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sales please? （海南卷）A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever5. The how to book can be of help to _ wants to do the job. （陕西卷）A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever6. One of the most important questions they had to consider was _ of public health.（海南卷）A. what B. this C. that D. which7. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of _ he can react more appropriately on such occasions. （上海卷）A. what B. which C. that D. how8. News came from the school office _Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. （四川卷）A. which B. what C. that D. where9. It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. （天津卷）A. as B. which C. whether D. that10. Is there any possibility _ you could pick me up at the airport?No problem. （浙江卷）A. WhenB. that C. whether D. what11 We should consider the students request _ the school library provide more books on popular science. （重庆卷）A. that     B. when C. which    D. where12.Many young people in the West are expected to leave _ could be lifes most important decisionmarriagealmost entirely up to luck. （江苏卷）A. as                 B. that