2022年初中语文说明文阅读试题及答案 .pdf
Delegates, staff: Hello! in the run-up to the Spring Festival, we held one session of four staff representatives Conference 2013-workshop, full back in 2012, careful analysis of the current situation, discuss 2013 development plans. Here, on behalf of my company 2013 work reports to the Ge neral Assembly, for consi deration. Pillar I, 2012 back in 2012, XX power companies adhere to the partys 17 great spirit for guidance, compre hensively implement the scientific concept of development, promoting cost-leadership strategy, standards, focus on implementation, lean management, continuously improve, smooth prese nt safety situation of enterprise management, business management and control scientific and standardized, and the dedication of staff, manage a harmoni ous and democratic atmosphere of the good situation. Main indicators are as follows:-the battery indicator: power generation totaled 7.815 billion kWh, beyond the annual budget implementation capacity of 315 million kWh, an i ncrease of 757 million kWh. Sales totaled 7.425 billion kWh, exceeding sales of 330 million kWh the annual Executive budget, an increase of 729 million kWh. -S ecurity measures: unplanne d outages 2.5 times. No personal injury acci dent occurred, no major accident and above, no major fire acci dents without environmental pollution accidents, safety for three consecutive years to maintain stability to good posture. Busi ness financial indicators: total profits of 255 million Yuan, beyond the annual budget of 207 million Yuan, beyond the Datang company index 41.89 million Yuan, an increase of 1.76 million Yuan, FCM assessment at grade four. -Energy: power supply standard coal completing 312.25 g/k Wh, down 0.1 g/kWh; integrated auxiliary power consumption ratio in 5.12%, down 0.26%; poll utant emissions performance greatly reduced compared to last year, carbon 0.09 g/kWh, sulfur dioxide 0.104 g/kWh NOx 0.512 g/kWh; dust removaefficiency of more than 99.8%. -Reliability index: equivalent availability factor in 93.47%, increased 7.95% from a year earlier. Equivalent forced outage rate 0.08%, 0.16% reduction over the same period a year earlier. Major achievements: first, we should a dhere to the two management system basis, strengthening technological research, strengthen hidde n hazards control and intrinsic safety Enterprise construction took new steps. -The two management system for improvement. Focus on promoting the power of the company management system and the application and implementation of the safety loop five-star management system, improve the safety management system, realize the system of safety control. Further regulate se curity routines, safety supervision and management network role to play to achieve closed-loop. Strengthening the supervision and management of habitual violation of, strengthening t he safety supervision of outsourcing contractors. Carried out in spring and autumn of security inspections, flood control and inspection, safety production month, day supervision of production safety and the Olympic Games and otheractivities, comprehensive and tamping Safety Foundation . Troubleshooting, management mechanism, give full play to role of technical supervision and realization of troubleshooting, management, improved process management. This year completed the boiler lower header leakage, boiler pressure, a major risk management, completed 29 of great risks and 3 General problems of governance. Complete chemistry lab construction, thermal control, and complete the boil er scale integrated management, host shafting vibration of 10 scientific and te chnological proje cts, such as. Complete supercritical 630MW on-line simulation system development and application of circulating water MCC standby power transformation, the transformation of desulfurization waste water, the unit water supply system of comprehensive treatment and discharge valve modification of coal mill 5 key technological transformation projects, group health is improved. -S cience and technology innovation is furtherincreased. Strengthen t he characteristics of supercritical unit major issues, gradually clearing the particularity of supercritical unit and regularity. Develope d motor oil time management, switch action times, statistics, coal-aided measurement software, improves the production level of lean management. Increased investment in science and technology, reporting science and technology proje cts and 14 technical project total cost percentage of the total annual production output of 0.25%. Large-scale coal-fired power plant flue gas desulfurization, denitrification complete development and application of key technologies project, w on the national science a nd te chnology progress second prize. 630MW supercritical units optimized control strategies and the 630MW development and application of on-line simulation system for supercritical units, supercritical 600MW units of turbine driven boiler feed pump set of comprehensive treatment of defects Datang technology respectively one or two and third. Meanwhile, information technology achiev ements, the company was name d China power information technology benchmarking enterprises. -Repair and maintenance has improved further. Modify the inspection standards and standards on a regular basis, standardizing work procedures, checking and inspection proje ct. Deepening the BFS+ system, and implements maintena nce information shared. Reorganizing RB logi c again, and ensure the success of the RB. Innovating the mecha nism of maintenance management, implemented a project manager system. Successful completion of two autonomous maintenance, reli ability improved steadily. Implementing two c -level maintenance, project themselves 48.7% and 42.3%, respectively. Accomplish two circulating pumps repair and overhaul of four Mills, maintenance teams to get exercise. Promote the work of energy saving and consumption reducing, complete the unit energy consumption diagnosis, pla nt water balancetest, 10 energy-saving projects. Second, we should adhere to three on the economic benefits of improving, outreach初中语文说明文阅读试题及答案（一）二十四、（泰州市二六B）人们通常以为微波食品是安全的。在美国，90%以上的家庭拥有微波炉。微波炉既快又方便，经济实惠， 是现代快节奏生活的理想烹饪工具，但微波炉对人体健康具有一定的危害。微波是很短的电磁波，属于大自然能量光谱的一部分。太阳产生微波，但是， 太阳产生的微波与微波炉产生的微波有重大区别。这个区别在于，微波炉是用交流电来产生微波的。微波炉是怎样烹饪食物的？交流电可以产生频率很高的电磁波微波。水分子有正极和负极， 因此当水接受正负交替的微波能量时，水分子会迅速转动。这有点儿类似用磁石把平面上的大头针吸得团团转的情形。微波炉用交流电产生的微波，使食物中的水分子以每秒钟数亿次的速度旋转，造成分子之间巨大的摩擦，使食物迅速加热。事实上， 质量检测机构只关心微波炉是否存在微波泄漏的情况。令人惊讶的是， 这些质量检测机构从未质疑微波食品本身是否安全。1991 年，由于一场公众瞩目的官司，人们开始意识到微波食品并非百分之百安全。一位名叫诺尔玛?利沃特的妇女的家人为她的误死起诉。诺尔玛去医院进行髋部更换手术。手术很成功， 诺尔玛却死了。 诺尔玛死于一次输血之后，血液是经过微波炉加温的。这是第一次有重大证据表明微波炉对被加热的物品的化学性质造成了破坏。 如果仅用微波炉把血液加热到体温，就能使血液包含致人于死命的毒性，那么我们用更高的温度在更长的时间内加热食品，又会有什么情况呢？食物的分子吸收了大量能量。这些能量足以分解蛋白质的分子结构，导致了通常情况下不会发生的分子异变。结果许多新的奇怪的分子出现了。问题就在这里， 食物的分子结构发生了改变， 产生了人体不能识别的分子。这些奇怪的新分子是人体不能接受的，有些有毒性，还可能致癌。因此，经常吃微波食品的人或动物，体内会发生一定的生理变化。瑞士皇家科技协会的汉斯?赫尔特博士和博尔纳德博士发现，微波加热破坏了食物的营养万分。 他们测量了吃微波食品志愿者血液中的病理变化。令人震惊的是， 这些人血液中的红细胞减少了， 这意味着血液携带的氧减少，人体组织无法得到所需的氧。相反， 白细胞和胆固醇增加了。 白细胞增加会引起人体的压力和紧张，通常只有当人体感染急性疾病、细菌感染或细胞受损坏时，白细胞才会上升。此外，淋巴细胞和白细胞对产生抗体有重要作用。俄罗斯的研究表明，遭受微波辐射不仅有损健康，而且食用微波食品同样会造成严重的健康问题。 在美国， 俄利根波特兰的科学家也曾发表过俄罗斯的研究发现。无论何种食物一旦经过微波加热都会产生已知的致癌物。肉类、奶类、谷物、水果和蔬菜都会产生引起癌症的化学物。 吃微波食品的人消化系统紊乱，淋巴系统发生障碍，血液中癌细胞增加。经常吃微波食品的人更容易患胃肠癌，消化系统也会逐渐出现问题。科学家还发现， 每台微波炉都会泄漏辐射， 微波烹饪的食物会产生有毒和致癌的附加物，微波食品的营养价值减少了60%至 90%，包括矿物质和生化酶，维生素B、C 和 E 等物质， 甚至连蛋白质的营养万分也减少了。荷尔蒙也会发生异常情况，特别是男性和女性荷尔蒙的分泌和平衡出现异常。长期食用微波食品会导致永久性的脑损伤，造成记忆力下降，注意力难以集中， 情绪波动， 智力下降。17认真阅读全文，为本文拟写一个标题。（3 分）_ 18结合文章内容，谈谈最后一段中加点词语“ 无论 ”“一旦 ”“都” 的作用。（ 4 分）19文章从哪几方面说明了微波炉对人体健康的危害。（4 分）_ 20请你说说微波炉烹饪食物的原理是什么。（4 分）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 31 页Delegates, staff: Hello! in the run-up to the Spring Festival, we held one session of four staff representatives Conference 2013-workshop, full back in 2012, careful analysis of the current situation, discuss 2013 development plans. Here, on behalf of my company 2013 work reports to the Ge neral Assembly, for consi deration. Pillar I, 2012 back in 2012, XX power companies adhere to the partys 17 great spirit for guidance, compre hensively implement the scie ntific concept of development, promoting cost-leadership strategy, standards, focus on implementation, lean management, continuously improve, smooth prese nt safety situation of enterprise management, business management and control scientific and standardized, and the dedication of staff, manage a harmoni ous and democratic atmosphere of the good situation. Main indicators are as follows:-the battery indicator: power generation totaled 7.815 billion kWh, beyond the annual budget implementation capacity of 315 million kWh, an i ncrease of 757 million kWh. Sales totaled 7.425 billion kWh, exceeding sales of 330 million kWh the annual Executive budget, an increase of 729 million kWh. -S ecurity measures: unplanne d outages 2.5 times. No personal injury acci dent occurred, no major accident and above, no major fire acci dents without environmental pollution accidents, safety for three consecutive years to maintain stability to good posture. Busi ness financial indicators: total profits of 255 million Yuan, beyond the annual budget of 207 million Yuan, beyond the Datang company index 41.89 million Yuan, an increase of 1.76 million Yuan, FCM assessment at grade four. -Energy: power supply standard coal completing 312.25 g/k Wh, down 0.1 g/kWh; integrated auxiliary power consumption ratio in 5.12%, down 0.26%; poll utant emissions performance greatly reduced compared to last year, carbon 0.09 g/kWh, sulfur dioxide 0.104 g/kWh NOx 0.512 g/kWh; dust removaefficiency of more than 99.8%. -Reliability index: equivalent availability factor in 93.47%, increased 7.95% from a year earlier. Equivalent forced outage rate 0.08%, 0.16% reduction over the same period a year earlier. Major achievements: first, we should a dhere to the two management system basis, strengthening technological research, strengthen hidde n hazards control and intrinsic safety Enterprise construction took new steps. -The two management system for improvement. Focus on promoting the power of the company management system and the application and implementation of the safety loop five-star management system, improve the safety management system, realize the system of safety control. Further regulate se curity routines, safety supervision and management network role to play to achieve closed-loop. Strengthening the supervision and management of habitual violation of, strengthening t he safety supervision of outsourcing contractors. Carried out in spring and autumn of security inspections, flood control and inspection, safety production month, day supervision of production safety and the Olympic Games and otheractivities, comprehensive and tamping Safety Foundation . Troubleshooting, management mechanism, give full play to role of technical supervision and realization of troubleshooting, management, improved process management. This year completed the boil er lower header leakage, boiler pressure, a major risk management, completed 29 of great risks and 3 General problems of governance. Complete chemistry lab construction, thermal control, and complete the boil er scale integrated management, host shafting vibration of 10 scientific and technological proje cts, such as. Complete supercritical 630MW on-line simulation system development and application of circulating water MCC standby power transformation, the transformation of desulfurization waste water, the unit water supply system of comprehensive treatment and discharge valve modification of coal mill 5 key technological transformation projects, group health is improved. -S cience and technology innovation is furtherincreased. Strengthen t he characteristics of supercritical unit major issues, gradually clearing the particularity of supercritical unit and regularity. Develope d motor oil time management, switch action times, statistics, coal-aided measurement software, improves the production level of lean management. Increased investment in science and technology, reporting science and technology projects and 14 technical project total cost percentage of the total annual production output of 0.25%. Large-scale coal-fired power plant flue gas desulfurization, denitrification complete development and application of key technologies project, won the national science a nd technology progress second prize. 630MW supercritical units optimized control strategies and the 630MW development and application of on-line simulation system for supercritical units, supercritical 600MW units of turbine driven boiler feed pump set of comprehensive treatment of defects Datang technology respectively one or two and third. Meanwhile, information technology achiev ements, the company was name d China power information technology benchmarking enterprises. -Repair and maintenance has improved further. Modify the inspection standards and standards on a regular basis, standardizing work procedures, checking and inspection proje ct. Deepening the BFS+ system, and im plements maintena nce information shared. Reorganizing RB logi c again, and ensure the success of the RB. Innovating the mecha nism of maintenance management, implemented a project manager system. Successful completion of two autonomous maintenance, reli ability improved stea dily. Implementing two c -level maintenance, project themselves 48.7% and 42.3%, respectively. Accomplish two circulating pumps repair and overhaul of four Mills, maintenance teams to get exercise. Promote the work of energy saving and consumption reducing, complete the unit energy consumption diagnosis, pla nt water balancetest, 10 energy-saving projects. Second, we should adhere to three on the economic benefits of improving, outreach_ 【参考答案】17微波食品有损健康。（3 分）18强调突出全部如此，无一例外。（4 分）19微波辐射 (或：微波泄漏 )。微波食品安全(或： 微波破坏食品营养的成分以及微波食品对健康的危害)。（ 4 分，一点2 分）20微波炉用交流电产生的微波，使食物中的分子以每秒钟数亿次的速度旋转，造成分子之间巨大的摩擦，从而产生热量。（4 分）二十五、（泰州市二六A）神秘的运动常数（15 分）鸟儿在空中飞翔时，翅膀每分钟拍几次？每次幅度有多大？鱼儿在水里游动时，尾巴每分钟摆几回？每回幅度又是多少？这些问题看上去似乎没什么意义，难道空中的飞鸟和水里的游鱼不是完全自由的吗？它们的运动不是完全无拘无束的吗？答案真是出乎我们的意料。看上去自由自在、无拘无束的飞行动物和游水动物，它们的运动似乎恰恰遵循着严格的规律。科学家们通过大量的观察和试验，发现飞行动物和游水动物的运动过程中存在着一个神秘的常数，那就是它们的翅膀或尾巴的振动频率、振幅以及运动速度三者之间的关系 振动频率乘以振幅再除以运动速度，计算得到的数值总是落在0.20.4 之间。比如，世界上最小的鸟类 蜂鸟，其双翅展开仅有10 厘米左右，飞翔时振幅大约是 20 厘米。蜂鸟的飞行速度非常快，大约能达到50 米/秒。而科学家们以往观察到的蜂鸟飞行时双翅振动频率在5070 赫兹之间，根据上述公式计算出来的蜂鸟的运动常数就落在0.20.4 之间。与蜂鸟体形相差悬殊的海豚也是科学家们观察的一个对象。成年海豚的体长一般在3米左右，在大海里游动时，海豚尾巴振动的振幅大约是1 米，频率是每分钟30 次左右，游泳速度是每小时100 公里，根据公式计算出来的海豚的运动常数是0.3，也落在0.20.4 之间。这不仅仅是巧合。研究者们作了大量的试验，发现几乎所有的飞行动物和游水动物的运动机制中都存在这个神奇的常数，事实上，只有当这一运动常数的值处于O.20.4 之间时，动物们才能达到最佳的运动状态。虽然目前科学家们还不清楚为什么会存在这个运动常数，它的值又为什么恰恰落在0.20.4 之间，但这一神奇的常数似乎像物理学中著名的光速不变原理那样放之四海而皆准，也像光速一样神秘。 它能够帮助生物学家们根据动物化石的身体构造判断出那些早已灭绝了的动物曾经具有怎样的运动速度。甚至不能排除，这一常数很可能对外星生物也同样适用。很多科学家都表示：“ 如果在其他星球上真的存在游水生物或飞行生物的话，我们相信，它们的运动也遵循着同样的规律。”此外，这一常数还能帮助军方研制出各种高性能的飞行器。比如说，一个翼长15 厘米、翼振振幅为10 厘米的机械间谍如果要做最有效飞行的话，其最佳翼振频率应该是30次/秒左右。目前，美国军方已经着手研制类似于飞鸟的有翼飞行器，在配备上微型摄像机之后， 这样的机械鸟将可能深入敌方的任何机密要塞进行刺探。当然， 他们最感兴趣的还是能够研制出体积更小，无孔不入的机械昆虫，相信这一天的到来也为时不远。（选自
