2023届新高考英语备考复习重点语法汇总.docx

2023届新高考英语备考复习重点语法汇总、名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机可数名词不可数名词构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规那么名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规那么列表如下:规那么例词1一般情况在词尾加-Smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-0结尾的名词f 加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:项 It is believed that.It is generally considered that.It is said that.It is well known that.It must be pointed out that.It is supposed that.It is reported that.It must be admitted that.It is hoped that.*下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如：The window wants/needs/requires repairinc.The book is worth reading twice.The door won't shut./The play won't act.The clothes washes well./The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter; reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear; happen, occur; belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等 等IV.动词之特殊形式的用法非谓语动词1.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否认式复合结构不定式to doto be doingto havedoneto be doneto have beendone在非谓语觎口notfor sb, todo sth.具有名词、副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语2 .做宾语的非谓语动词比拟:分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving beendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving beendonesb's doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer; long, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, mana叫 anee, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接动名词做宾语 的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan't help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forwardto, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两 者 都 可 以意义基本相同begin, start, likeove, hate, prefer; continue （接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指习惯行为）need, want, require （接动名词主动形式表不被动意义，右接不定式那么应用被动邈）意义相反stop to do停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事（常考的有8组）*意义不同remember/forget/regret to do （指动作 尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing （指动作已经发生）go on to do （接着做另处一件事）go on doing （接着做同一件事）try to do （设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing （试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do （打算做，企图做）mnea doing （意识是，意can't help to do （不能帮助做）cca弋help doing （忍不住要做） 3 ,非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order;tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成1 heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear;feel, let, make现在分词notice, see, watch, hear; find, keep, have, feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成1 found her listeninc to the radio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.4.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一批表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词发生1 have a lot of papers to type.1 have a lot of papers to be typed.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?5.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表不动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country / the developed country （开展中国家/发过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成达国家）the falling leaves / the fallen leaves（空中正飘落的叶子/已经落到地 上的叶子）区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于 it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语父换位置， 而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher7b obey the law is important （dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用）动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动 作比拟抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形 式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again andagain.Teaching is my job.分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做 表语，多说明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人.”之意,说明主语的性质特征，多 表示主动，主语妥为物。地分词一般表示被动或主语所处 的状态，含有”感到.”之意，主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.（常见分词有 astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing 及其-ed 形式）V.动词之椒影式的用法一虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If he were here, hewould help us.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词If 1 had been free, 1 would have visited you.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/ should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow we would not go camping.其它状语从句as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式They are talking as if they hnd been friends for years.in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may/might/would等+动词原形Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.宾语从句demand, suggest, order; insist 后接的从句中动词为 should+动词 原形（should可省）He suggested that we not change our mind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去兀成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反1 wish 1 could be a pop singer.主语在 It is necessary / important / strange that., It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that.等从句中，谓语动词用 should+动词原形It is strange that such a person should be our friends.其它句型中It is time that句型中动词用过去式或should+动诃原形 It's high time that we left.would rather所接的从句中动词用过句式或者过去兀成式1 would rather you stayed at home now.If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表不强烈的愿 望If only our dream had come true!四、形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在以下情况后置:1修饰 some, any eveiy no 和 body thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最iWj级或only修饰的the best book available, the only solution名词之后possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可 以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容雨以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词倒布同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词 前的 形容 词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词状态大小长短新旧侬页色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifu1good poorlarge shortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon, now early; finally once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly,really7连接副词how when, where, why whether;however; meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly very fairly quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII.形容词和副词比拟等级:形容词和副词的比拟等级分为原级，比拟级和最高级。比拟级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和est,多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most。常考用法如下：1 .同级比拟时常常用as.as以及not so(as).as.如：I am not so good a player as you are. 2 .可以豕布比拟级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deaL3 .表示一方随另一方变化时用 “the more the more”句型。如：The harder you work, tfie more progress you will make. 4 .用比拟级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5 .表示倍数的比拟级有如下几种句型:Our school is three times larger than yours.Our school is four times as large as yours.Our school is four times the size of vours.6 .表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比拟级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfecto五、连词1.连词的定义：连词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分。2,连词的功能：只起连接作用。连接:词与词、短语与短语、句子与 子。3 .连词的分类(1) ,并列连词 连词分类.附属连词并列连词分类分类含义举例以and为代表表引申意义both.and9not only.but also,as well as以or为代表表选择关系or else（否那么）,either.or,neither.nor以but为代表表意义转折while,whereas（然而，鉴于）,yet5not.but以for为代表表因果关系fbr9so附属连词分 类定义主要包含简单附属连词单个单 词充当after,although,though,as,because,before,ifjest5once9 Since,that,till/untiLwhen,where,whether,while,unless 等复合附属连词)以词 个个单成 两两上构except that,so that9given that,in that,in order that5now that,on condition that5provided/providing （that）9fbr fear that;as/so far as（只 要）,as/so long as,as soon as;in case,as though, no matter what/who/how/when/where 等关两个关although. .yet9 as. as J ust as. so,if. then,联联词构no sooner.than5so.that9such.as,whether.or从成的从the+比拟级,the +比拟级属属连词注意：边际附属连词（连词+副词/副词+连词）连even if（即使,虽然）,just as（正如）,if only（要是该多好）,词immediately,the moment9the minute,the instant,directly （一就）六、介词1.介词：介词又称前置词，表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的 关系，在句子中不能单独做句子成分。 2 .介词分类1一邮单词 单介简如about9across9after9against9among,around,at5below9beyond9 during,in,on2短语 介词according to,because ofjnstead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to3合词 复介由两个介词连在 一起固定构成的 介词inside,into,onto,within,without out of5outside9through,upon 等由两个介词搭配 连用的介词（即： 双重介词）as to,from among,from behind,from under" about, after about?except for,until after,in between,until after,4词化的词 分转成和considering（就而论）,including5容转成介 形词化的词like, unlike, near, next, opposite3 .常用介词的区别:1表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日 子有关不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以兀音字母加P结尾的名词加-Sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规那么名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规那么的，现归纳如下:规那么例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer; series, means, works, fish, species , yuanjin,3只有鳗形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5 局部集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class,后milv, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew team, public, enemy party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（军队）, times（时代），spirits（情绪）, drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸manners（礼 貌）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力greens情菜）,ruins（废 墟）7表示“某国人”加-SAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese2表示时间的since, fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用， from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，aRer表示某一具体时间点之后 或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境 范围之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的外表上，in表示占去某物一局部6表示“穿过”的 through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在 外表上通过，与on有关7表示“关于"的about, onabout指涉及到,on指专门论述8between 与 among 的 区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以 上的中间9besides 与 except 的 区别besides指“除了还有再加上“，except指“除了，减 去什么' 不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度 量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以.地位或身份”，like为“象.一样L 指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目 的地或位置七、冠词.冠词的定义：冠词是一种虚词，置于名词之前，起限定说明的作用。2 .冠词的分类:不定冠词：a/an连词连词定冠词：the3 .冠词的用法3 .冠词的用法零冠词不定冠词的用法: a用于发音以痞音音素开头的单词前，an用于发音以元音因新头的单词前。1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every, oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同湘当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某 名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as9 too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. (2)定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提 到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比拟级 最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山 川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示创造物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的 某个年代in the 1990's11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及 表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.注意.定冠词用法记忆口诀 特指双熟悉，上文已提及， 世上独无二，序数最高级， 某些专有名，方位及乐器。零冠词的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人 名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日二 餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing fbotball/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.八、数词1.数词的定义：表示数目和顺序的词。2 ,数词的分类数词3 ,数词的用法基数词用法1.表示确切数字60 students,ten people,one hundred2.表示概数hundreds of birds, thousands of times; three dozen bottles of beer3.表示书页/房间/住所等的编号及 号码和邮政编码Page454.基数词+连字符+名词a two-week holiday注意:也可用序数词表示顺序。例如：Part two=the second part Chapter one=the first chapter分数词的用法1/3one-third5/9five-ninths3%three and three-fburths总结:分子基数词，分母序数词。 分子大于一，分母加-s。九、定语从句1 .定语从句定义：定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被 修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。2 .关系词的作用：一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用；二是在从句中 担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。 3 .关系词的用法关系词先行 词从句成 分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which 和 that在从句 中做宾语 时，常可以 省略，但介 词提前时 后面关系 代词不能 省略，也不 可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working.The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.that人，物主语， 宾语A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语， 宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语， 宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做宾语 一般不省 略关系副when时间时间状 语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on which词where地点地点状 语This is the house where I was bom.可用 in whichwhy原因原因状 语I can't imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用fbr which (l)that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区另U ：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 .先行词为 all, everything,anything,nothing, little, much,等不 定代词时。2 .先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3 .先行词有形容词最高级 和序数词修饰时4 .并列的两个先行词分别 表示人和物时5 .先行词被 the only, the very修饰时6句中已经有who或 which时，为了