2022年八年级英语寒假专题二形容词和副词的用法仁爱版知识精讲 .pdf
初二英语寒假专题二：形容词和副词的用法仁爱版【本讲教育信息 】一. 教学内容：寒假专题二：形容词和副词的用法二. 重点、难点：介词用法口诀早、午、晚要用in，at 黎明、午夜、点与分。年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、帽in。将来时态 in.以后，小处at 大处 in。有形 with 无形 by，语言、单位、材料in。特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。介词 at 和 to 表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善。日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。特定时日和“一就”，on 后常接动名词。年、月、日加早、午、晚，of 之前 on 代 in。步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage 则用 in。at 山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。工具、和、同随with ，具有、独立、就、原因。就来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。海、陆、空、车、脚、被by，单数、人类know to man 。this、that、tomorrow ，yesterday，next、 last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。over、under 正上下， above、below 则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。beyond 超出、无、不能，against 靠着，对与反。besides，except 分内外， among 之内 along 沿。同类比较 except，加 for 异类记心间。原状 because of,、 owing to 、 due to 表语形容词under 后接修建中， of、from 物、化分。before、 after 表一点 , ago、later 表一段。before 能接完成时，ago过去极有限。since以来 during 间， since 时态多变换。与之相比 beside，除了 last but one。复不定 for 、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。but for 否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。ing 型由于鉴，除了除外与包含。之后、关于、在方面，有关介词须记全。in 内 to 外表位置，山、水、国界to 在前。三. 具体内容：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 14 页形容词和副词的用法（一）形容词1. 形容词可分为两大类：描绘形容词和限定形容词。描绘形容词是描写人或物的颜色、尺寸、形状、性质、状态等的形容词。限定形容词用于限定被修饰词的数量、距离、所有关系等。除了these和 those 外，形容词的单数与复数形式相同。描绘形容词beautiful, large, red,interesting, colourfulimportant限 定 形 容 词基数词(one, two) 序数词(first, second)物主代词(my, your) 指示代词(this, that, these)数量词(few, many) 冠 词(a, an, the)2. 形容词的位置修饰语一般应置于被修饰语之前，但当几个形容词修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序一般如下：形容词性代词数量词描 绘 形 容 词all boththe, a(n)this, thatfirstone性质尺寸形状新旧温度颜色国籍材料goodlargeoldredChineseironsuchyour, some,manysecondtwofinesmallhotblueEnglishstoneExample: that strong young Chinese swimmer注意：形容词前有as, so, no, too, how 等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后。She is too kind a girl to refuse.在下列情况下，修饰语应置于被修饰的名词后：（1）名词之后的数量词名词old, long, wide 等。a boy six years old, a street two kilometers long（2）为了加强语气或音调美，将描绘形容词置于名词之后。He had a face thin and worn.（3）something, anything, everyone, anybody 形容词。There s nothing wrong with the electric cooker.（4）作定语用的分词或形容词短语The judge has talked to all the people involved.所包含的 (形式复杂的 )3. “数词名词”构成的形容词（1）数词名词，如a two-week tour, a ten-page report 等。（2）数词名词形容词，如a seven-year-old boy 等。（3）名词（无冠词）基数词=the序数词名词，如Unit 6=the Sixth Unit（4） “数量词复数名词”作主语，虽然是复数形式，但仍然用单数动词，作为一个单位来表示。如果强调个别数，则须用复数动词。Ten years is quite a long time to him.Two months have passed since I last heard from my parents.（二）副词1. 副词的构成如下：（1）本身就是副词，如very, now, there, quite 等 .精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 14 页（2）有形容词后缀如-ly, 如 happily, carefully 等。（3）有些副词与形容词同形，如early, high, long, fast, hard 等。注意：有些 -ly 结尾的词不是副词而是形容词，如manly, friendly, queenly( 女王的威严的 ,慷慨的 )等。2. 副词的位置（1）修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前，如：The scenery around here is very beautiful.（2）always, never, often, sometimes, usually等表示频率的副词在一般动词前，be动词后，有助动词时，在助动词和动词之间。He usually gets up early, but he got up late today.I have never met him and I hope I will never meet him.（3）有两个以上不同种类的副词作修饰语时，其顺序为地点（小地点大地点）状态次数时间（单位小的时间单位大的时间）。They arrived in Paris safely the other day.（4）seldom, rarely, never 等具有否定意义的频率副词置于句首时，助动词或be 动词须放在主语的前面（也叫倒装句），如：Never did I hear such a funny story. =I never heard such a funny story.3. 几个特殊副词的用法（1）enough 须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之后；too 须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之前。She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter 译员，口译者It s too hot a day to work.但 enough 修饰名词时须置于名词之前。Have you got enough money for this microwave (微波) oven (烤炉，烤箱)?（2）too (for)不定式 （to） ，作“太而不能”解；enough不定式， 意思是“足够可以”，这一结构可转换成sothat 结构。The boy was still too young to go to school.He was so young that he could not go to school.The man is rich enough to buy a Roll-Royce.He is so rich that he can buy a Roll-Royce.（3）already 用于肯定句，作“已经”解；yet 用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解，still 作“仍然”解。I have already seen the film.Have you seen the film yet?I still prefer tea to coffee.（4）随着 only 和 also 在句中位置的改变，句意和语气也会改变。Only Mr. Li came to see me today.Mr. Li came to see only me today.Mr. Li came to see me only today.（三）形容词的比较等级形容词比较等级的规则变化如下表：构 成 法原 级比较级最高级1、单音节词末尾加-er 和-est伟大的 greatgreatergreatest精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 14 页2、单音节词如以-e 结尾，只加 -r 和-stbrave 勇敢的fine 好的braverfinerbravestfinest3、闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加 -er 和-estbig 大的hot 热的biggerhotterbiggesthottest4、少数以 -y,-er,-ow,-ble 结构的双音节词，末尾加 -er，和 -est（以 -y 结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母， 则 y 变为 i，再加 -er 和-est。以-e 结尾的词仍只加-r 和-st）happy 快乐的clever 聪明的narrow 狭窄的able 能happiercleverernarrowerablerhappiestcleverestnarrowestablest5、其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more 和 most.difficult 困难的more difficultmost difficult（四）形容词比较等级部分不规则变化表原级比 较 级最 高 级goodwellbetterBestbadillworseworstmanymuchmoreMostlittlefewlessLeastfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestoldolderelderoldesteldestlatelatterlaterlastlatest（五）形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法形容词与副词都有三个比较等级。（1）原级常用于“as原级 as”结构。He likes her as much as he likes his sister.否定的原级用not asas或 not so as,二者一般无甚区别。He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.（2）比较级常用于“比较级than”结构。He is taller than me.否定比较与否定原级一样，也用not as(so) as结构，也可用less than 结构 .This word is less frequent in British English than in American English.（3）两个人或物比较时，定冠词the比较级表示最高级。He is the taller of the two.（4）最高级常用于“the最高级比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。It is the best picture in the hall.（5）含有否定词的比较级，如no less than=as much(or many)as “不亚于”精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 14 页not less than=at least “至少”no less than =asas “和一样”not less原级 than “至少不亚于”no more than=not any more than “和一样不”not more than=not soas “不像那样”no more than=only “只不过”，言其少not more than=at most “不多于”， “至少”（6）表示“几倍于”用twice（两倍），three times（三倍） as as,This book costs twice as much as the other one.（7）the比较级 ,the比较级 , 意思是“越就越” ，如：The harder you work , the more you will learn.（ 8） 比 较 结 构 之 前 可 用 程 度 状 语 加 以 修 饰 ， 如as as 前 可 用almost, nearly, just(about),quite 等词语修饰，如：John is almost as tall as his father.（9） 在 more than 结构之前可用far,(so)very much, (quite)a lot, a great deal, (just)a bit, still, far 等词语修饰，如：He speaks English a lot more rapidly than he does French.（10）比较级 and比较级，作“越来越”解，如：The days are getting longer and longer.常用动词习惯用法：1. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事（后接动词不定式）My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.2. asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做某事（叫某人不要去做某事）My father asked me to study hard.He asked me not to swim alone.be asked to do sth. 被叫去做某事 /被邀请去做某事I was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.3. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事She is afraid to ask me questions.4. be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事I am afraid of going out at night.5. be afraid of sth. 害怕某物He is afraid of snakes.6. be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶He was amazed to meet the girl there.be amazed at sth. 对某事感到惊讶They were amazed at the news.7. be busy doing/with sth. 忙于做某事（常考）I was busy washing my car at that time. 那时候我正忙于清洗我的车子。I am busy with my work.8. be coming/going/leaving/flying/moving/dying（某些位移动词用进行时态时表将来）The bus is coming. /The dog is dying.9. be excited to do sth. 对做感到兴奋精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 14 页Jacky was excited to travel there by plane.be excited at sth. Lily was excited at his words. be excited about doing sth.He was excited about passing the exam without going over books.10. be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事Sam is frightened to ride a horse.11. be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事She is happy to clean the blackboard with me.be pleased to do sth.高兴做某事She was pleased to help the old man yesterday.be pleased with sth. 对某事感到高兴/满意The teacher was pleased with my answer.12. be interested in sth. /doing sth. 对某事感兴趣/对做某事感兴趣She is interested in swimming in the river.My brother is interested in Chinese.13. be/get ready for/to do sth.be ready for sth. 为某事做好了准备We are ready for the exam.be ready to do sth. 为做某事做好了准备We are ready to have a birthday party for her. get ready for sth.为某事在做准备We are getting ready for the exam.get ready for sth. 为做某事而做准备14. be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉15. be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇be surprised at sth. 对某事感到惊奇16. be worth doing sth. 值得做某事（ worth 后接动词 -ing 形式，常考）17. begin to do sth. begin / start to do / doing sth. 开始去做某事18. can/be able to afford (to buy) sth. 有能力购买（供）19. can/may/must do sth. could/would/should/might do sth. 20. can t wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事21. decide to do sth. 决定去做某事make up one s mind to do sth. 下决心去做某事（常考）make a decision to do sth. 对做某事作出决定22. deserve to do sth. 值得 /应该做23. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人去做某事24. enjoy doing sth. 乐意去做某事25. expect (sb.) to do sth. 期望某人去做某事26. fail to do sth. 做某事失败succeed doing sth. 成功做了某事27. finish doing sth. 做完某事（后接动词-ing 形式）（常考）28. follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 14 页29. get sb. to do sth.make sb. do sth. let sb. do sth.让某人做某事（后接动词原形）30. get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会31. give/pass/show/lend/sell sb. sth./sth. to sb. buy/get/bring sb. sth./sth. for sb. 32. go on to do sth. 继续做事（常考）go on doing sth. 继续做事（常考）33. hate to do/doing sth. 讨厌 /不喜欢做某事34. have fun doing sth. 喜欢做某事35. have problems doing sth. 做某事遇到困难36. have sb. do sth.让某人做某事（后接动词原形）have sth. done 让某事完成have sth. to do 有事要做37. hear sb. do sth. 听到某人做某事（后接动词原形，常考）hear sb. doing sth. 听到某人正在做某事（常见）38. help to do sth. 帮忙做某事help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事39. hope/wish to do sth. 希望做某事wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事40. It seems that 这像是（后接从句）seem to do sth. seem +adj 41. It s + adj+(for sb.) to do sth. .It s +adj +(of sb.) to do sth.It s glad for him to hear the news.42. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. . 花费某人多长时间做某事（常考）43. pay for cost spend on it take to do sth.44. It s best for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的had better do sth. 最好做某事 （注意 had 没有时态和人称的变化，better 后接动词原形）45. It s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了46. keep (on)doing sth. 坚持做某事（常考）keep sb. doing sth. 让某人做某事（常考）keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事（常考）keep sb./sth. +adj Keep the book for 2 days. 借这本书两天。 （不要用 borrow 或 lend）47. learn to do sth. 学做某事learn sth. from sb. 向某人学习48. like to do/doing sth. 喜欢做某事like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事49. need to do sth. need doing sth./to be done need sth. neednt do sth.需要做某事50. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿而不愿（常考）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 14 页prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做胜过做e.g: I prefer reading books to going shopping. 比起购物来，我更爱读书。prefer to do sth. 喜欢（爱）做某事51. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做52. remember / forget to do sth. /remember/ forget doing sth. /记得忘记做某事记得忘记做过某事（常考）53. see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（结果）see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事（正在进行中）be seen to do sth. 做某事被看见54. something to eat/drink 一些吃 /喝的东西 （动词不定式放在something 等后修饰这些词）e.g: I need something to eat. 我要一些吃的东西。55. spend some time (in)doing sth. /on sth. 花费时间做某事（注意动词要用ing 形式） （常考）spend some money on sth./doing sth. 买花了多少钱56. sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难 /容易57. stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事（两件事）（常考）stop doing sth. 停止做某事（一件事）（常考）stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事（常考）58. take turns to do sth. 轮流做59. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去（不要）做某事be told to do sth. 被告知不要做某事60. there is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事61. there is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对某人来说没时间做某事have no time to do sth. 没时间做某事62. too (for sb.) to 太以致不能so that not enough to do The boy is too young to go to school. 那男孩太小了以致不能上学。63. try / do one s best to do sth. 尽力去做某事try to do sth. 试着（图）做某事64. used to do sth. 过去常做某事 ( used to be + adj/a +n)e.g: Mr. wang used to be a teacher worker. 王先生过去是一位工人。I used to live in the country. 过去我住在农村。65. want/would like to do sth. 想做want/would like sb. to do sth. 想某人做feel like doing sth. 喜爱做某事（注意like 后接动词ing 形式）66. warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事（或不要做某事）67. Why dont you do sth.? Why not do sth.?为什么不（表建议的句型，注意用动词原形）表示建议的句型还有：What / How about?（如果是动词，要用ing 形式）Shall we?68. Would you like (sb.) to do sth. ?Yes, I d love to .69. Would you mind doing sth. ? 你介意做某事吗？Never mind/Not at all/ Of course not/ Certainly not . （从不介意 /一点也不介意 /当然不会了）70. Would you please (not) do sth. 你可不可以不做？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 14 页71. finish doing sth. enjoy doing sth. practise doing sth. be good at doing sth. thank you for doing sth. stop doing sth.give up doing sth. mind doing sth. stop sb. from doing sth. go on doing sth. be busy doing sth. see/hear/watch sb. doing sth. feel like doing sth. hate doing sth. like doing sth. do well in doing sth. be afraid of doing sth. be interested in doing sth. make a contribution to sth./doing sth. 72. 非延续性动词(终止性动词 )（1）buy have(has)had （2）borrow have(has)kept （3）leave have(has)been away（4）go have(has)been away/in（5）come have(has)here/in （6）die have(has)been dead （7）join have(has)been a member of/in（8）begin have(has)on （9）stop have(has)been over73. 感官动词 :(主动语态不带to) hear/see/watch sb. do sth. 或 hear/see/watch sb. doing sth.（1）We often hear him sing the song.（2） I saw him swimming in the river just now.被动语态带to：He is often heard to sing the song.使役动词 : (主动语态不带to) make/let sb. do sth.His father often makes him do this and that.被动语态带to:He is often made to do this and that by his father. 【典型例题】一. 形容词与副词练习1. He is a _ boy. ( good, well ) 2. These are _ classroom. ( bright, brightly ) 3. He is a _ man. ( real, really ) 4. He is _ a man. ( real, really ) 5. They are _ girls. ( careful, carefully ) keys:1. good 2. bright 3. real 4. really 5. careful 6. They _ walked into the room. ( quiet, quietly ) 7. He is _ hurt. ( bad, badly ) 8. The man was _ ill. ( serious, seriously ) 9. _ the man wasn t badly hurt. ( lucky, luckily )10. They are carrying some _ boxes. ( heavy, heavily ) keys: 6. quietly 7. badly 8. seriously 9. Luckily 10. heavy 11. English is _ spoken in the world. ( wide, widely ) 12. Knives are _ used for cutting things. ( wide, widely ) 13. Rice is _ grown in the south . ( main, mainly ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 14 页14. He is a _ tall man. ( strong, strongly ) 15. He is _ ( careful, carefully ) keys: 11. widely 12. widely 13. mainly 14. strong 15. careful 16. He writes _. ( careful, carefully ) 17. He feels _.( happy, happily ) 18. He lives _. ( happy, happily ) 19. It rained _ last night. ( heavy, heavily ) 20. The rain was _.( heavy, heavily ) keys: 16. carefully 17. happy 18. happily 19. heavily 20. heavy 21. It blew _ yesterday. ( strong, strongly ) 22. The sun is shining _. ( bright, brightly ) 23. They are working _. ( happy, happily ) 24. He got _. ( angry, angrily ) 25. Things turn _ .( bad, badly ) keys: 21. strongly 22. brightly 23. happily 24. angry 25. bad 26. Lucy was as _ as me. ( careful , carefully ) 27. Lucy wrote as _ as me. ( careful, carefully ) 28. He cleaned the room as _ as Lily. ( quick, quickly ) 29. He runs as _ as me .( slow, slowly ) 30. How _ the sun shone! ( bright, brightly ) keys: 26. careful 27 carefully 28. quickly 29. slowly 30. brightly 31. How _ the sun is ! ( bright, brightly ) 32. How _ the flowers are growing! ( beautiful, beautifully ) 33. How _ they are! ( happy, happily ) 34. How _ they are working! ( happy, happily ) 35. How _ the wind blew last night! ( strong, strongly ) keys: 31. bright 32. beautifully 33. happy 34. happily 35. strongly【模拟试题】（答题时间： 45 分钟）一. 形容词、副词专项练习题1. Nowadays science fiction isn t as _ as cartoons among teenagers.A. popular B. more popular C. less popular D. the most popular 2. We are glad to see that Shanghai is developing _ these years than ever before. A. quickly B. less quickly C. more quickly D. the most quickly 3. The
