2022年初中英语句子成分分析与讲解 .pdf

1 初中英语句子成分分析与讲解英语句子与汉语句子一样， 都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。 因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、 理解句子的含义， 并能准确地遣词造句， 逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。请同学们认真阅读下面的问答，我相信它一定会对同学们起到抛砖引玉的作用。【问】什么是句子成分 ?英语句子包含哪些成分 ? 【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。【问】各成分在句中的作用如何?分别由哪些词及短语充当 ? 【答】 1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：The car is running fast.( 名词) We are students.( 代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai.( 数词) Its bad manners to spit in public.( 不定式 ) Eating too much is bad for your health.( 动名词 ) 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语 )放在句后。2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to 的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：He works in a factory.(实义动词 ) I felt cold.(系动词 +表语) How can I get to the station?( 情态动词 +实义动词 ) Do you speak English?( 助动词 +实义动词 ) They are working in a field.(助动词 +实义动词 ) 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象， 一般由名词、 代词、不定式及动名词等充当。He is doing his homework.(名词) They did nothing this morning.(代词) She wants to go home.( 不定式 ) We enjoy playing football.(动名词 ) 【注意】有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有： give，buy，lend，pass ， tell，leave等。如：He bought me a book. Pass me the ball ，will you?( 间宾+直宾) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面， 则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如 to 或 for 等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.( 直宾+间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾 ) 有的动词常用不定式作宾语， 而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want， wish，hope，promise，decide，agree ， choose ，care等。如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 5 页2 I hope to see you again. 有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise ，miss， suggest ，keep(on)等。如：Do you mind my opening the window? 有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forget to do表示“ 未发生的动作 ” ，forget doing表示“ 已完成的动作 ” 。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.( 还没来) I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了 ) b)stop to do(不定式为状语 )表示“ 停下原来的事，去做另一件事” ，stop doing表示“ 停止做某事 ” 。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。 ) The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。) 4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词 ) She is a chemistry teacher.( 名词) There are two students in the classroom.( 数词) We have something to do tomorrow.( 不定式 ) The man in blue is my brother.( 介词短语 ) 【注意】 定语一般位于被修饰词之前， 但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。5.状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。 单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：Thank you very much.(副词) I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语 ) He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.( 不定式短语 ) We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句) 【注意】 enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：He is old enough to go to school. 6.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有： be， look， get， sound(听起来 )， feel， become， smell，turn，taste( 尝起来)等。如：They are workers.( 名词) Two and three is five.(数词) The story is very interesting.(形容词 ) M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词 ) She is at home.( 介词短语 ) I feel terrible.(形容词 ) The dish tastes delicious.( 形容词 ) 7.宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。 需接复合宾语的动词有： tell，let，help，teach， ask，see ，have，order，make等。“ 宾补” 一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。We elected him monitor.( 名词) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 5 页3 I found it difficult to learn English well.( 形容词 ) The doctor told me to do more exercise.( 不定式短语 ) He is going to have his hair cut.( 过去分词 ) They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词 ) 练习题1. 主语（ subject ） ：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. ( 数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. 2. 谓语（ predicate） ：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep. (二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast 3. 表语（ predicative） ：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in.（副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语 ) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有 : be, sound （听起来） , look（看起来） , feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来） , taste （尝、吃起来） , remain（保持，仍是） , feel（感觉） It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. (三) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 5 页4 She was the first to learn about it. 4. 宾语： 1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词）We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词）I ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher. （名词）He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.( 副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. ( 介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）(六) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 5 页5 What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 7. 状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. (七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 参 考 答 案(一) teacher man dictionary To do (二) B A C A C (三) tired worried yellow interested first (四) his homework English your pronunciation new words to go swimming (五) to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of school Lily get on the bus playing football on the playground (六) family given third some downstairs (七) on the face Every night when he was eleven fast off (八) us, 间接宾语a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语message, 直接宾语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 5 页