2022年非谓语动词 3.pdf

非谓语动词动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词一、概念一个简单句只能有一个动词做谓语，这个动词叫谓语动词；在这个简单句中，其他没有做谓语的动词，不管有多少个，都不能做谓语，这些动词就叫非谓语动词。这是英语语法极其重要的一个原则。谓语动词要以谓语动词形式表达出来，非谓语动词要以非谓语动词的形式表达出来。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式 -to do动名词 -doing现在分词 -doing过去分词 -done非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不是做谓语的动词；非谓语动词除了不做谓语，可以做主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语等各种其他句子成分。要掌握非谓语动词的用法，就是要掌握不同非谓语动词在各个句子成分的不同含义和用法。二、非谓语动词的用法区别从含义上大略可以区别：过去分词-done 一般表示被动、完成的意思，所以从主动和被动方面先可以把过去分词和动词不定式、现在分词、动名词区分开来。动词不定式一般表示目的、还未发生的动作。现在分词一般表示正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。动名词具有名词的特性，在句中一般做主语、宾语、表语。所以，就区别 to do与 doing 的区别就可以了。1、to do与 doing 动名词的区别主要是在做主语、表语和宾语时的区别1做主语和表语的区别精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 20 页一般来说，在表示比较抽象的一般行为或者经常性行为时多用动名词；在表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来发生的动作，多作不定式。做主语 : Smoking is prohibited here.此地禁止抽烟。To invite him to tomorrow party is necessary.邀请他参加明天的聚会是必要的。做表语：My job is teaching English .我的工作是教英语。Our task now is to increase food production.我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。表语是以下一些词，一般用动名词做真正主语：no use/no good useless/senseless It is+ fun/enjoyable/tiring +doing动名词nice/expensive/dangerous a bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure 注意： it 是形式主语，动名词是真正主语。I t s no use talking like that.It s a waste of time arguing with him.这种句型，表语是其他词，用不定式做真正主语。It s necessary to do the work.(2) 做宾语时的区别1谓语动词是以下这些动词时，非谓语动词做宾语，必须用动名词doing: acknowledge 承认，自认 cease 停止 mention 说到，讲到admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate ：提倡，主张 complete 完成 dread 可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess 坦白 endure 忍受精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 20 页avoid 防止 contemplate细想 enjoy 享有，喜爱bear 忍受 defer拖延 envy 嫉妒cant help不禁 delay延迟 escape 逃跑，逃避cant stand受不了 deny 否认 excuse 借口consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy梦想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描绘，计算 miss 错过 resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得 pardon 原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume 恢复imagine 设想 postpone 延迟，延期 risk冒险involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议hate 讨厌 prevent阻止 save 营救，储蓄keep 保持 quit放弃停止 stand 坚持，忍受loathe 非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我很感激两年前给我出国学习的时机。She suggested going to the great wall for the spring outing.她建议我春游去长城。其他的动词做谓语时，后都用动词不定式做宾语。2以下句子形式的宾语补足语是no use/no good useless/senseless fun/enjoyable/tiring 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 20 页nice/expensive/dangerous a bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure非谓语做宾语用动名词no use/no good useless/senseless 主语+think/consider/find/feel like+it(形式宾语 ) fun/enjoyable/tiring +doing动名词做真正宾语nice/expensive/dangerous a bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure 例：I found it useless/nouse arguing about it.我发现争论此事没有用。3有些动词词组带介词to, 要跟不定式符号 to 区别开来，因为介词后如果是非谓语动词做宾语，要用动名词。这类动词词组有：get (down) to(开始)，look forward to( 盼望)，get/be used to( 习惯于) ，prefer to (宁愿干。而不愿干。 )，devoteto (把。奉献于。) ，admit to(承认)，be equal to(等同于 ) ，object to(反对) ，stick to(坚持)，take to(开始)，see to( 注意) ，lead to( 导致)，pay attention to( 注意) ，be accustomed to( 习惯于) 例：I am accustomed to swimming in the winter.我习惯冬泳。4下面一些句子结构中介词in 常省略：have trouble/difficulty/a problem/a struggle/a good time/a hard time+(in)+doing spend+时间/ 钱+in +doing be busy (in)+doing lose no time+(in)+doing 例：They are busy (in) preparing for the exam.他们忙于准备考试。5有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差异精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 20 页1forget to do忘记要去做某事此事未做forget doing忘记做过某事此事已做过或已发生2stop to do停止、中断某件事，目的是去做另一件事stop doing停止正在或经常做的事3remember to do记住去做某事未做remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做) 4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、懊悔5try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种方法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing 意味着7go on to do继而去做另外一件事情go on doing继续原先没有做完的事情8propose to do打算要做某事proposing doing建议做某事9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do表示具体行为； +doing sth表示抽象、倾向概念例：Don t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow你可要记着是明天动身。I don t regret telling her what I thought我不懊悔给她讲过我的想法。( 已讲过 ) I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没方法。 ( 未做但要做 ) You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 20 页Let s try doing the work some other way让我们试一试用另外一种方法来做这工作。I didn t mean to hurt your feeling我没想要伤害你的感情。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital得了这种病 (你)就要进医院。注) 如果这些动词前有 should 一词，其后宾语只跟不定式， 不能跟动名词。 例如：I should like to see him tomorrow6) need, want, deserve (值得，需要 ),require +动名词主动形式可表被动意义；+不定式需用被动形式表被动意义。The watch needs repairing.The watch needs to be repaired.7) 在 allow( 充许),advise 建议,permit 同意,recommend 推荐,consider考虑,forbid禁止等动词后，直接加非谓语做宾语用动名词；后假设跟名词或代词做宾语时，非谓语做宾补时用不定式；例：We don t allow smoking here.We arent allowed to smok here.8)be worth后，不管主动被动都用doing, 不用被动形式； be worthy后，假设表被动，可用 to be done/of being done;The film was worth seeing.那部电影值得看。The film was worthy to be seen/of being seen.那部电影值得看。2、to do与 doing 现在分词的区别主要是在做定语、状语和表语时的区别to do 表示还未发生，表目的doing 现在分词 表示正在发生或表示与谓语动词同时发生例：a sleeping child正在睡的小孩a child to sleep要去睡的小孩精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 20 页三、动词不定式的用法不定式由“ to 动词原形”构成，其否认形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化， 有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语。不定式复合结构为“介词sb.(sth.)to do ”，其中“介词 sb.(sth.)”说明不定式动作的发出者，为逻辑主语。1. 不定式的用法：(1) 作主语。不定式短语作主语时，为了使句子结构平衡，常将不定式短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。It is our duty to give as much help as possible. 提供尽可能多的帮助是我们的职责。但不定式作表语时，前面有不定式作主语，不定式不可位于句末。To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(2) 作宾语。常见的只跟不定式作宾语的动词(组)有 want, wish, hope, expect, would like (love),care, choose, learn, plan, prepare, mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up ones mind, be determined, manage, try, cant afford, fail, pretend等。He promised to come today, but he hasnt turned up yet . 他许诺说今天来，但他到现在还没有出现。No one likes to be laughed at. 没人喜欢被嘲笑。有形容词、分词、名词作宾补，不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末，用 it 来作形式宾语。如：You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time. 你会发现有必要提前完成工作。(3) 作宾语补足语。常见的跟不定式作宾补的动词有ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for等。The children asked their parents to take them to the park.。孩子们要求父母带他们去公园。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 20 页感官动词后，如 see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel及部分表示“使”、“让”的使役动词，如have, make, let 跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号to 。但在被动语态中to 要加上。Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister. 尽管他总是弄哭他妹妹，今天却被妹妹弄哭了。help 后的不定式作宾补 (包括作宾语 )to 可有可无。(4) 作表语。My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。要注意不定式作表语与“be to do ”结构的不同：不定式作表语说明主语的性质或内容，而“be to do ”结构表示安排要做的事情。My next plan is to draw a picture for the house.(不定式作表语) 我下一个计划是为这座房子画一幅图。We are to meet at the school gate at six .(be to do表示安排 ) 我们约好六点在学校门口见面。(5) 作定语表示将来的动作。The meeting to be held next week will be of great importance.。下周将要举行的会议极为重要。 用在固定搭配中。I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son? 我明天要去上海，你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？(send 的动作发出者并非you, 因此不定式用被动语态 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 20 页注意：作定语的不定式如果与其前面所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，然而动词又为不及物动词，动词后要加介词或副词，使其成为及物动词词组。Will you find me a pen to write with? 你能给我找一支写字的笔吗? 不定式所修饰的词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem? 你认为这是解决问题的最好方式吗？(6) 状语。表示目的、原因、结果。They ran over to welcome the guests. 他们跑过去欢迎客人。 (目的) The child is too young to go to school. 孩子太小不能去上学。( 结果) We were excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们激动了。(原因) 2、不定式的时态不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式形式，既有主动语态又有被动语态两种语态。形成 to do, to be done, to be doing，to have done, to have been done形式。(1) 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态) 同时( 或几乎同时 ) 发生，或是在它之后发生。I m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time. 我很遗憾告诉你这次是你错了。(2) 如果谓语表示的动作 ( 情况) 发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。I am very glad to be talking with you. 我很高兴与你交谈。(3) 如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。I m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 对不起，让你久等了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 20 页注意：不定式的时态一般只能发生在做宾语时。只有在做宾语时，不定式不一定表现为动作未发生，因为此时用不用不定式是由谓语动词决定的，所以才会出现 to be doing，to have done这种不合逻辑的现象。因为to do表示未发生， have done 又表示做过， to have done不合逻辑3、不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态。He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求去农村工作。注意：含有不定式的句子中， 能够在句中找不定式动词现成的逻辑上的主谓宾，用主动形式表被动意义。否则，用不定式的被动形式。句子中有系表结构的，或在句子中可以插入省略掉的for sb.形成逻辑上的主谓宾的，用主动形式表被动意义。例：It is an honour to be invited to the party. He gave me some books to read. The book is easy (for me) to read. 4、疑问词 +不定式结构疑问词 who ，what，which，when ，where 和 how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：When to start has not been decided何时动身尚未决定。 ( 主语) I don t know what to do我不知道该怎么办。 ( 宾语) The difficulty was how to cross the river 困难在于如何过河。 (表语) I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。双重宾语注 A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 20 页B.动词 know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词如：how, what+不定式：While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. 5、不带 to 的不定式1在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to 。这类词有：feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到watch 注视 listen to听 perceive觉察，感知notice 注意 see 看见 look at看 hear 听On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet ，and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let ，have 等。如：Let him do it.让他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill我想要你知道我病了。( 注) ：上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to ，如：He was seen to come The boy was made to go to bed early. 在动词 find与 help 之后，不定式可带 to 亦可不带 to ，如: He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。3在 had better,had best,would ratherthan,rather than,would sooner,would soonerthan,can not but,cannot help but其后的不定式一般不需带 to 例：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 20 页He would rather die than give in.他宁死不屈。4)在 but(except)结构中。 but(except)前有 do 的某种形式，后省略to; 但是，如果谓语动词没有do 的某种形式，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带 to 。简略为：有 do 没 to ，没 do 有 to 例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的方法。5用 and,or,than等连接的两个或两个以上的不定式，第二个以及之后的 to 可以省略。但是假设有相反或比照的不定式，to 不能省略。例：I want to sing and dance. To go on or to stopthat is the question. 6)why (not)的简略问句和 would you please的问句后不带 to 例：Why worry about such trifle?为何为琐事烦心？Why not think of what you did?为什么不想想你做了什么？Would you please give me a favour?你能否帮我个忙？7在“come(go)+不定式”结构中，不定式一般不带to ，特别是美国口语中更为常见。第一个动词表示“来”、 “去”这个动作，第二个动词表示“来”、“去”的目的。Go fetch your notebook.去把你的日记本拿来。Come sit with me.来跟我坐在一起。6、动词不定式的复合结构精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 20 页1不定式的逻辑主语为： for + 名词(或代词宾格 )+ 不定式。例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone我发现他个人干这活是不可能的。2在表示人物性格、性质、品质等的形容词后面，常用of 引出不定式的逻辑主语。如：brave,careful,careless,considerate,cruel,rude,generous,right,wrong,kind,nice ，good,clever等例如：It was wise of him to do that他那样做是明智的。比较：It s good for you to exercise often. It s good of you to help others.7、不定式的省略句在句子中，当作宾语的不定式再次出现时，保留不定式符号to ，to 后面重复的内容可以省略。例：You can go shopping if you want to. 8、不定式做定语时的一些用法1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat给他拿点儿东西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 20 页3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语， 要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。I need a pen to write with我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about 没有什么值得发愁的。worry about sth 4) 不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、时机、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领例：I have an abilty to play basketball 5被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next ， second, last, only 和 not a，the 等限定词时候，只能用不定式。the purest motive to help you 6不定代词 something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。9、不定式的一些习惯用语如：to tell you the truth,only to,so as to,in order to等等四、分词的用法分词分为现在分词和过去分词。要弄清不定式、 现在分词和过去分词的区别， 只要理解以下几句非谓语动词的不同用法的含义就清楚了。1To see nobody at home,he decided to come again.表示目的、将来2To be seen at home,he decided to come again. 表示目的、将来+被动3Seeing nobody at home,he decided to come again.表示 see 动作与谓语动词几乎同时发生精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 20 页4Being seen at home,he decided to come again. 表示 see 动作与谓语动词几乎同时发生+被动5Having seen nobody at home,he decided to come again. 强调see 动作发生在谓语动词之前6Seen at home,he decided to come again.与前一句差不多，可互换7Having been seen at home,he decided to come again. 强调 see 动作发生在谓语动词之前+被动说明：非谓语动词逻辑主语就是句子的主语，非谓语动词如果有自己的逻辑主语，叫独立主格结构。例：Time permiting,I will go. ( 以下内容看看则可 )1. 区别(1) 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。The man standing by the window is our teacher. The house built last year has become our lab. (2) 现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质，意为“令人的”；过去分词表达由外界引起的内心活动，意为“感到的”。the exciting news 激动人心的消息。 (令人兴奋的消息 ) the excited look 激动的表情。(3) 现在分词表达正在进行着的动作，过去分词表达完成的动作。( 这一类动词主要为不及物动词) Electricity lines as well as telephone poles were brought down by falling trees or branches. The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and. . 2. 分词的时态和语态精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 20 页过去分词表示被动或完成的动作，因而没有完成式和被动语态。现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式，有主动语态和被动语态两种语态，形成 doing, having done, having been done的形式。3. 分词的用法(1) 作定语单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面，短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面。The question being discussed is important to us. The excited people rushed into the building. (2) 作状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、结果、伴随状况等。Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. ( 时间) Being a student, I must study hard.(原因) They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time.( 结果) 不定式也可以作结果状语， 然而不定式多表达意料之外的结果，而现在分词表达意料之中的结果。She went to Shanghai specially to see her brother, only to find that he had gone to Beijing a few days before. 她专程去上海看望她的兄弟，却发现他几天前去了北京。They got up very early that day, finding nobody in the station when they got there. 那天他们很早就起床了，到了车站却发现那里空无一人。(3) 作表语The news is inspiring. 这消息令人鼓舞。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 20 页The window is broken. 窗户破了。(4) 作宾补We had the fire burning all day. 我们让这火整天烧着。I m afraid I cant make myself understood when I speak English. 我担忧当我说英语是别人听不懂。不定式被动语态、 现在分词被动语态、 过去分词表示被动应该注意的几个问题。1. 不定式的被动语态作状语时多表达目的， 相当于 in order to be done, 而过去分词则表示原因、条件、伴随等; 现在分词被动语态的完成式强调分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。In the circus, the tamed animals will be given some food when they finish tricks. To be given more food, the animals will try their best to please the trainer. 在马戏团里， 当驯兽完成它们的把戏， 会得到一些食物。假设要得到更多食物，它们就要尽其所能来取悦驯兽师。(To be given.=In order to be given.,表示目的，此处不可用Given 或 Being given) Having been asked some very difficult questions, the boy came into the office. 男孩被问了一些很难的问题后，来到办公室里。(Having been asked.=After he was asked., 表示 ask 的动作发生在 come 之前) 2. 不定式的被动语态作定语表达将来的动作，过去分词作定语表达过去或完成的动作，现在分词被动语态的一般式表达一种正在进行的动作。The meeting to be held next week is about how we can deal with this problem. 下周要开的会是关于我们如何解决这个问题的。(to be held=which is to be held, be to 在此表达将来 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 20 页The book published last month sells well. 上月出版的那本书卖得很好。( published = which was published, published不可用 to be published或 being published代替) The building being built now will be finished in ten days. 正在建筑的那栋楼， 10天内完工。(being built=which is being built, 表示正在进行的动作 ) 3. 作宾补时，假设非谓语动词与其前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系，表示感官的动词，如 see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel 及部分使役动词，如：have, keep, get, let 等后跟过去分词作宾补； allow, advise，forbid, permit, want, order 等后跟不定式被动语态作宾补。The Emperor ordered the cloth to be woven for him right away. 皇帝命