句子成分和五种句子类型全课件.ppt

关于句子成分和五种句子类型全现在学习的是第1页，共46页现在学习的是第2页，共46页什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!现在学习的是第3页，共46页现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。按句子结构，句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语（并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语），句子成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。简单句最基本的类型有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种句型变化而来的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？现在学习的是第4页，共46页句子成分的构成句子成分的构成句子的主要成分：句子的主要成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语主语、谓语、宾语、表语句子的次要成分：句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补足语（同位语定语、状语、补足语（同位语、插入语插入语)现在学习的是第5页，共46页1.主语主语(subject)v1.主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体.v2.一般在一般在句首。句首。v3.一般由一般由名词，代词名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语或相当于名词的词或短语(不定式，动名词不定式，动名词或从句或从句)充当。充当。1.We study in LianPing Middle School.2.Our classroom is very clean.3.To teach you English is my job.4.Surfing,diving and swimming are all water sports.5.Four plus four is eight.6.What you said made me sad.7.The young should respect the old.8.It made me excited that dad bought me a computer.代词代词名词名词不定式不定式动名词动名词数词数词从句从句the+adj.it作形式主语作形式主语现在学习的是第6页，共46页2.谓语谓语()v1.表示主语的行为动作或所处的状态。表示主语的行为动作或所处的状态。v2.必须由动词充当。必须由动词充当。v3.一般在一般在主语后面主语后面，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致。，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致。v谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。v(1)简单谓语：简单谓语：是由动词或动词词组组成的。是由动词或动词词组组成的。vShe always studies hard.vHe often listens to music.v(2)复合谓语：是由复合谓语：是由“情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词”构成构成.vHe can speak English.vWe have finished reading the book.vI did see her yesterday.现在学习的是第7页，共46页3.表语表语(predicative)v1.说明主语的身份或特征、属性、状态等。说明主语的身份或特征、属性、状态等。2.位于位于系动系动词词后面。后面。3.充当短语的可以使单词、短语或从句。充当短语的可以使单词、短语或从句。v1.You look younger than before.v2.I am a teacher.v3.Jim is out.v4.Now they are at home.v5.Im not quite myself today.v6.He got lost in the forest.v7.His hobby is swimming.v8.My job is to teach you English.v9.The book is what I need.形容词形容词名词名词副词副词介词短语介词短语反身代词反身代词过去分词过去分词动名词动名词不定式不定式从句从句现在学习的是第8页，共46页 4.宾语宾语(object)v1.一个动作的承受者，表示动作的对象或结果。一个动作的承受者，表示动作的对象或结果。v2.用在用在及物动词或介词及物动词或介词后面后面.vShe is playing the piano.He often helps me.He likes to sleep in the open air.He is addicted to smoking.We enjoy living in China.3.宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语。宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语。vPlease pass me the book.v=Please pass the book to me.vHe bought her some flowers.v=He bought some flowers for her.现在学习的是第9页，共46页vI had bread and milk for breakfast this morning.vWhere did you buy that?(名词）vI need twenty works.（数词）vHe always does the unexpected.（名词化的形容词vRemember to tell him to come to the lecture.（不定式vI enjoy reading foreign stories,especially vAmerican ones.（V-ing形式）vWe all believe that you are suitable for this work.（从句现在学习的是第10页，共46页5.宾语补足语宾语补足语(object complement)v放在宾语后面放在宾语后面,对宾语进行对宾语进行补充说明补充说明,与宾语一起构成与宾语一起构成复合复合宾语宾语。vI made my room beautiful.vI can see her dancing there.vHe made himself known to them.vShe asked me to lend her my bike.vPlease make yourself at home.vPlease keep the dog out.vWe call her Miss Zhang.形容词形容词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词不定式不定式介词短语介词短语副词副词名词名词现在学习的是第11页，共46页6.主语补足语主语补足语(subject complement)v对对主语主语进行补充说明。进行补充说明。v把下列句子改为被动语态把下列句子改为被动语态:v1.We saw Tom dancing in his room.vTom was seen dancing in his room.v2.They elected Jim monitor of their class.vJim was elected monitor of their class.v3.We will make our country strong.vOur country will be made strong.现在学习的是第12页，共46页定语定语(attribute)v用来修饰用来修饰名词或代词名词或代词,v1.You are a clever boy.v2.I want to tell you something important.v3.His father works in a shoe factory.v4.There are 66 students in our class.v5.Do you know bettys sister?v6.There is a sleeping baby in bed.v7.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.v8.We have nothing to do.v9.His spoken English is good.v10.The girl in red is his sister.v11.Do you know the man who stands there?形容词形容词物主代词物主代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词介词短语介词短语形容词形容词现在分词短语现在分词短语从句从句不定式不定式名词名词现在学习的是第13页，共46页 状语状语(adverbial)v1.修饰动词，形容词或副词修饰动词，形容词或副词,。v2.一般表示行为发生的一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，结果，时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步和伴随条件，让步和伴随等意义。等意义。v1.He did it carefully.v2.She is very enthusiastic about it.v3.He works extremely hard.v4.He comes to see us every day.v5.He is at the library looking up some information.v6.Ill be back in a while.v7.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.v8.He was late because of the heavy rain.v9.Please call me up if it is necessary.v10.She was beautiful when she was a girl.现在学习的是第14页，共46页同位语同位语appositionv对前面的对前面的名词或代词名词或代词做进一步解释做进一步解释,说明它们说明它们的性质和情况。的性质和情况。v1.Tom,our monitor,is a handsome boy.v2.I myself will do the experiment.v3.She is the oldest among them six.v4.The news that he is ill worries us.名词名词反身代词反身代词数词数词从句从句现在学习的是第15页，共46页插入语插入语(parentheses)v对一句话进行对一句话进行附加说明或解释附加说明或解释，通常由一个词、一个短语或一，通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与个句子构成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。句子隔开。v1.Generally speaking,the more hard-working you are,the more likely you will succeed.v2.Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea.Unfortunately，neither of them could swim.v3.Your performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard，in other words,you failed.v4.It is so nice to hear from her.Believe it or not，we last met more than thirty years ago.v5.Strange to say,he should have done such a thing.现在学习的是第16页，共46页Choose the right answervHe made another wonderful discovery，_ of great importance to science.A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think which is A现在学习的是第17页，共46页分析下列句子成分分析下列句子成分v1.Everyone laughed.v2.The books pleased the girl.v3.I am astonished.v4.I heard him shouting.v5.He bought his son some books.v6.The young girl with long black hair is Kate.v7.Stephen apologized at once.v8.I have no idea when they will go.v9.I saw my friend Tom standing at the station.现在学习的是第18页，共46页 I saw my friend Tom standing at the station.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语宾宾语语补补足足语语现在学习的是第19页，共46页现在学习的是第20页，共46页种类种类 类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾语宾语p/O(IO)宾语宾语0(DO)宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DOshegavemea pen第第种种S+V+O+OCHe mademelaugh现在学习的是第21页，共46页基本句型基本句型 一：一：（主系表）（主系表）（是系动词）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3.He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face turned red.他的脸红了。现在学习的是第22页，共46页基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主谓）（主谓）主语主语：可以作主语的成分有名词名词（如boy），主格代词主格代词（如you），动词不定式动词不定式，动名动名词词等。主语一般在句首句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不不及物动词（及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物不及物动词动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。2.The universe remains.宇宙长存。3.We all breathe,eat,and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who cares?管它呢？5.What he said does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。现在学习的是第23页，共46页巩固练习巩固练习：6 6这个重五公斤。这个重五公斤。7 7五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。8 8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。9 9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我的爷爷早晨起得很早。10.10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。6.This box weighs five kilos.7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.8.In autumn,some birds fly to the south.9.My grandfather gets up early in the morning.10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.现在学习的是第24页，共46页巩固练习：巩固练习：1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk with you this afternoon.He has read this book many times.They have carried out the plan successfully.That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.现在学习的是第25页，共46页巩固练习：巩固练习：6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。还不会自己穿衣服。8我们大家都相信我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。是一个诚实男孩。9.他不知道说什麽好。他不知道说什麽好。10.我开窗户你在意吗？我开窗户你在意吗？I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.Jim cannot dress himself.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.He did not know what to say.Do you mind my opening the window?现在学习的是第26页，共46页基本句型 四：（主谓间宾直宾）（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He denies her nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I told him that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。现在学习的是第27页，共46页但若要但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词人），则要借助于介词to或或for。如：。如：He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.现在学习的是第28页，共46页用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。等。现在学习的是第29页，共46页巩固练习：巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.Would you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor.现在学习的是第30页，共46页巩固练习：巩固练习：5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。Shall I call you a taxi?The new machine will save you a lot of labour.7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.现在学习的是第31页，共46页说明说明:此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语宾语+宾语宾语补足语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。整。The sun keeps us warm.I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut.基本句型基本句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）现在学习的是第32页，共46页（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）名词/代词宾格+名词The war|made|him|a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods|make|the job|easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|often find|him|at work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher|ask|the students|to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|a cat|running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.现在学习的是第33页，共46页 用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：式。即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.现在学习的是第34页，共46页 巩固练习：巩固练习：1我们叫她我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free.I want you to tell me the truth.The guards ordered us to leave at once.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut every month.We wont let her go out at night.现在学习的是第35页，共46页9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。她正在听人家讲故事。11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。我从来没看见这个字这样用过。12他感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。The terrible sound made the children frightened.She is listening to someone telling stories.I have never seen the word used that way before.He felt it very difficult to talk with you.I consider it possible to work out the problemin another way.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.现在学习的是第36页，共46页 英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be 句型句型 说明：说明：此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+状语状语”构成，用以构成，用以表达存在关系可以称表达存在关系可以称“有有”。它其实是倒装的它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引仅为引导词，并无实际语意。导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用 live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：等。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.现在学习的是第37页，共46页 Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：态变化。如：现在有现在有 there is/are 过去有过去有 there was/were 将来有将来有 there will be；there is/are going to be.现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有可能有 there might be.肯定有肯定有 there must be/there must have been.过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 现在学习的是第38页，共46页巩固练习：巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。3天气预报说下午有大风。天气预报说下午有大风。4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。5战前这儿一直有家电影院的战前这儿一直有家电影院的.There was only a well in the village.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.The light is on.There must be someone in the office.There used to be a cinema here before the war.现在学习的是第39页，共46页巩固练习：巩固练习：6恰好那时房里没人。恰好那时房里没人。7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。8公共汽车来了。公共汽车来了。9就只剩下二十八美元了。就只剩下二十八美元了。10铃响了。铃响了。There happened to be nobody in the room.Once,there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.There comes the bus.There remained only twenty eight dollars.There goes the bell.现在学习的是第40页，共46页简单句的五种句型简单句的五种句型1）SV 主语谓语主语谓语eg.His father might have died.2)SVP 主语谓语表语主语谓语表语eg.The plan sounds perfect.3)SVO 主语谓语宾语主语谓语宾语eg.My sister enjoyed the play.4）SVOiOd 主语谓语主语谓语+间接宾语直接宾语间接宾语直接宾语eg.My father bought me a bicycle.5)SVOC 主语谓语宾语补语主语谓语宾语补语eg.They called him a fool.现在学习的是第41页，共46页 Translate the following sentences.v1.在过去的十年里在过去的十年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。v2.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。你们必须在两周内看完这些书。v3.冬季白天短，夜晚长。冬季白天短，夜晚长。v4.李老师去年教我们德语。李老师去年教我们德语。v5.我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。现在学习的是第42页，共46页 Translate the following sentences.v1.在过去的十年里在过去的十年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。vGreat changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.v2.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。你们必须在两周内看完这些书。vYou must finish reading these books in two weeks.v3.冬季白天短，夜晚长。冬季白天短，夜晚长。vIn winter,the days are short and the nights are long.v4.李老师去年教我们德语。李老师去年教我们德语。vMr.Li taught us German last year.v5.我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。vI want you to tell me the truth.现在学习的是第43页，共46页v1.Im living in LianPing,a small town in Guangdong and teaching English to senior high school students.v2.But our friendship was based on the idea in each of us that we would feel sorry later if we did not explore this great city because we had felt bad at the time.v3.I was pleased to recognize,in little notes on the desks of his staff,the same handwriting I would see at home in the notes he would leave on the fridgeexcept that those notes were signed“dad”instead of“RFW”v4.Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.找出下列句子的主要成分找出下列句子的主要成分现在学习的是第44页，共46页Homework Finish the exercises on the paper from Page 2 to Page 4.现在学习的是第45页，共46页感谢大家观看感谢大家观看现在学习的是第46页，共46页