主动表被动(5页).doc

-主动表被动-第 - 5 - 页主动形式表示被动意义一般说来，表示被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动语态的。但是，英语里有些不及物动词在SV(A)结构中却含有被动意义。这里主要有两种情况： 一种是早期英语用法： The house is building.（房屋在建造中。） The book is printing.（书在印刷中。） 在现代英语中则要求用被动态表示： The house is being built. The book is being printed. 另一种情况是为数不少的不及物动词可以表示被动意义：不及物动词的这种用法与汉语表示颇为相似，在日常用语中很常见： This box doesnt close properly. 这箱子关不拢。 This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料很耐洗。 The hall soon filled 那大厅不久便坐满了人。 The match lights easily 这火柴容易划着。 The door wont lock / open 门锁不上/打不开。 His new novel is selling well. 他的新小说销路良好。 The window wont shut 这窗关不上。 This paper tears easily 这种纸一撕就破。 对上述不及物动词为什么能用于表示被动意义的问题，说法不一。通常认为这部分动词一般都是及物动词，是及物动词的不及物用法。也有人认为像His books dont sell这种句子的动词在形式上是主动的，意义是被动的，实际上是His books are not sold的意思。 对于以上说法，荷兰学者依拉德斯 (P. A. Erades) 提出了反对意见，提出：这种 “主动”结构相对应的“被动”结构是存在的，但是，一看就知道含义不同。他说His novels are not sold. 仅仅说明一个事实，而His novels dont sell. 却意味着这些小说有某种内在品质在影响其销路，意味着这些小说肯定不属于“畅销书”之列。以此类推，下列一组句子意思不同： a：The house wont let（租不出去） b：The house will not be let（不会出租） 再如： The door wont lock.（门锁不上）说明门本身有毛病，这与通常的被动态所表示的含义不同，就是说The door will not be locked. 并非说门本身有问题而锁不上，而是指某人不会锁门，或者在说话人看来门是不会被锁上的。其它主动形式表示被动意义的情况1. 在动词want, need, require, deserve后用动名词的主动形式表达被动含义，相当于不定式的被动式。The houses want /need /require cleaning. = The houses want /need /require to be cleaned.That man deserves punishing. = That man deserves to be punished.2. 在介词worth 后用动名词的主动形似表达被动含义。The book is worth reading. (= The book is worthy of being read / to be read.)3. let与blame构成的不定式作表语时，用主动表被动。This room is to let. (此屋出租) He is to blame. (他该受责备)4. 作定语时，当不定式和它所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句中的另一名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动表被动。I have a lot of work to do. Give him some books to read. He has a family to support.但要注意这种结构：There is so much work to do/to be done.5. 在“主系表动词不定式”的句型中，如果表语是形容词，并且不定式中的动词和句子的主语含有逻辑上的动宾关系，则用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。That is hard to say. The question is easy to answer. This book is difficult to understand. 6. 有些介词短语用作表语或定语时，可以表示被动意义。The thief is under arrest. The road under repair must be closed to all traffic at once.The building is under construction. The whole matter is under discussion. Apples are on sale.7. 有些动词兼有实意动词和系动词两种词性，它们的系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste (吃起来), sound (听起来), smell (闻上去), feel (摸上去感觉), look (看上去), prove (证明是)等。Your reason sounds reasonable. Good medicine tastes bitter.His theory proved (to be) wrong. She looks tired.9. 某些不及物动词或短语，如occur (被想到), come out（被出版）, come to ones mind（被想起）, turn out（证明是）等，本身表被动含义，不能用被动形式。It never occurred to me to phone you.The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18thcentury. Suddenly an idea came to his mind. If tomorrow turns out wet, well have to change our plan. 巩 固 练 习1. There are many good films played by Jackie Chan that are worth _. A. to be seen B. being seen C. seeing D. to see 2. The food _ easily and sells _. A. cookswell B. is cookinggood C. is cookedwell D. cooksgood 3. The window of the room cant _. A. have be closed B. close C. be closing D. closed 4. Oh, boy, why are you killing your time this way? Cant you find something _ doing at all? A. useful B. valuable C. worth D. good 5. She kept her eyes _ all the time. A. to close B. closing C. close D. closed6. The girl _ in red is my second daughter. A. dressing B. dressed herself C. dressed D. is dressed7. _ deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal. A. Buried B. Burying C. To bury D. Being buried8. My transistor radio is out of work. It _. A. need to be repaired B. needs repairing C. need repairing D. needs to repair 9. The classroom _ 30 feet long. A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length10. Take care! Dont get the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily.A. wont wash out B. wont be washed out C. isnt washed out D. isnt washing out11. How sweet the music _! A. sounds to B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds12. The question asked by him is hard _. A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer13. In warm weather fruit and meat _ long. A. dont keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping14. He received a telegram _: “Mum sick.” A. written B. said C. reading D. writing 15. The kind of glasses made by experienced workers _ comfortably. A. is worn B. wears C. has worn D. has been worn16. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated17. _ nice, the dish tastes very bitter. A. Seen B. Smelt C. Smelling D. Seeing 18. You cant go that way, Im afraid, as the road is _ repair. A. for B. under C. in D. on19. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung 20. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 21. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed22. If theres a lot of work _, I am happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing23. Please remain _; the winner of the prize will be announced soon. A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated24. Can those _ at the back of the classroom hear me? A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat25. That is a small town _ 30 miles south of Chicago. A. locating B. being located C. having been located D. located