英文法律文书简明教程.doc
英文法律文书简明教程 英文法律文书简明教程 一、缩写Abbreviations 规则1、 在正式写作中,应当避免使用缩写,除非有下述规则2、规则3和规则4的情形。 Informalwriting,oneshouldnotuseabbreviations,exceptasindicatedinrules2,3,and4below. 例如: Incorrect:TheU.S.SupremeCourtheldthatthedefendantsrightshadbeenviolated. Correct:TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtheldthatthedefendantsrightshadbeenviolated. Incorrect:ProfessorJonasmentionedseveralcitiesthathavedomestic-partnershipordinances,e.g.,NewYorkandSanFrancisco. Correct:ProfessorJonasmentionedseveralcitiesthathavedomestic-partnershipordinances,includingNewYorkandSanFrancisco. Incorrect:TheCourtannounceditsdecisioninthecaseonOct.12,1994. Correct:TheCourtannounceditsdecisioninthecaseonOctober12,1994. 规则2、 如果一个缩写的应用已经非常普遍,在一般用法中已经取代了全称,则可以使用缩写;但使用此缩写时不应该使用表示缩写的英文句号(.)。 Whenanabbreviationhasbecomesocommonthatithassupplantedthefullnameincommonusage,onemayusetheabbreviation;however,oneshoulddosowithouttheuseofperiods. 例如: Incorrect:TheN.A.A.C.P.wasthesubjectofaprofileonC.B.S.lastweek. Correct:TheNAACPwasthesubjectofaprofileonCBSlastweek. (注:NAACPabbr.NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(美国)全国有色人种协进会,CBSabbr.(美国)哥伦比亚广播公司(ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem)) However:ThedefendantinthecaseisR.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc. 请注意,在上面的例子中,字母R和J后面的句号(.)应当保留,因为这个缩写所代表的含义并非广为人知。一般来说,这样的缩写应当使用全称;但是在上面的例子中不能用全称,因为缩写R.J.是公司注册名称中使用的。 Noticethatintheprecedingexample,thepointsafter”R”and”J”shouldbeleftin,becausethemeaningoftheabbreviationisnotsufficientlywellknowntomostreaders.Ordinarily,onewouldreplacesuchanabbreviationwiththefullterms;however,onecannotdosointhiscasebecausethelegalcorporatenameinvolvedincludestheabbreviation. 规则3、 当使用legalcitation时,一定要按照Bluebook(见译注)的要求来缩写。但在行文中提及法院时,不应用缩写。 Whenwritinglegalcitations,alwaysusetheabbreviationsrequiredbytheBluebook.However,whenreferringtoacourtintext,donotabbreviate.Forexample: 例如: Incorrect:TheIll.SupremeCourtrequiredthereturnofthechildtohisbirthmother.Smithsonv.Bettaglia,59Illinois2d73,180NortheastReporter2d754(1994). Correct:TheIllinoisSupremeCourtrequiredthereturnofthechildtohisbirthmother.Smithsonv.Bettaglia,59Ill.2d73,180N.E.2d754(1994). 规则4、 当行文中涉及的公司在其注册名称中含有一个或多个缩写时,如R.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc.,应当保留缩写;不要把缩写所代表的全称全部拼出,除非公司的注册名称中已经全部拼出,如ExxonShippingCompany。这条规则适用于所有的公司名称中,包括Co.,Corp.,Inc.和Ltd.。 Whenreferringtoacorporateentitythathasoneormoreabbreviationsaspartofitslegalname,suchasR.J.ReynoldsIndustries,Inc.,leavetheabbreviationsinthename.Donotspellouttheabbreviationunlessthecorporationitselfspellsitout,whichsomedo(forexample,ExxonShippingCompany).Thisruleappliestoallofthevariousformsofcorporatedesignations,includingCo.,Corp.,Inc.,andLtd. 例如: Incorrect:McDermottInternational,Incorporated Correct:McDermottInternational,Inc. 二、缩略符 当一个学生向教授提交书面作业或向律师事务所提交书面资料时,没有什么比错误的使用或不使用缩略符造成的负面印象更严重了。因此,掌握这些简单,却常常容易混淆的规则非常重要。 在四种情形下使用或不使用缩略符容易引起混淆,分别是(1)复数词(2)单数所有格(3)复数所有格和(4)its和its的缩写形式(Contractions,seecrossreferencehereunder)与所有格。是否使用所有格,要先问问自己是否涉及领有关系。如果是领有关系,名词或带词就要采取所有格。 规则1、Plainpluralwordsdonotrequiretheuseofanapostrophe.Forexample: Incorrect:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.(Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesasingularpossessive.) Incorrect:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.(Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesapluralpossessive.) Correct:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.(Thelackofanapostropheherecorrectlyindicatesaplural,nonpossessiveterm.) 规则2、Insingularpossessiveterms,placetheapostrophebeforethe”s.”Thiswillindicateownershipbyonepersonorthing.Forexample: Incorrect:OurschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstonesCommentaries. Incorrect:OurschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstonesCommentaries. 第 6 页 共 6 页