新概念知识点总结 .pdf

1新概念 2 知识点总结第一部分、时态总结一、一般过去时；一、定义。1.表示过去的动作或状态，常和明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week,three days ago,in 1998,just now等，或与由 when引导的从句连用。2.也可以表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复出现的动作。句子中常带有every day,often,usually,always,sometimes等时间状语。例：When I worked in the pany,I got up early every morning.在那家公司上班时，我每天早晨都起得很早。In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays.在过去的几年里，每逢暑假她总是出去旅游。二、一般过去时态句子结构1 Be 动词的一般过去时态在没有实义动词的句子中使用be 动词，am is 的过去式为 was;are 的过去式为 were.如：I was late yesterday.We werent late yesterday.She wasnt a teacher three years ago.Were you ill yesterday?Were they once your classmates？-Yes,I was.-No,I wasnt.Who were your best friends in your primary school?2.实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do 和 does 的过去式 did.如：I went home at nine oclock yesterday.I didnt go home yesterday.He didnt tell me about you.Did you go home yesterday?-Yes,I did.-No,I didnt.When did you finish your homework last night/the day before yesterday?3.助动词和情态动词过去式如下：shall should（将要）用于第一人称单数will would（将要）用于所有人称can could（能，会）maymight（可以）must must（必须）have to had to（不得不）助动词和情态动词的过去时态要使用他们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。如：I had to do my homework yesterday.(昨天我不得不做作业。)名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 45 页 -2三、一般过去时态动词变化形式一般过去时态由动词的过去式表示。大多数动词的过去式是在动词原形后加上 ed 构成。这类动词称为规则动词。1）一般情况下在词尾直接加ed。如：play played workworked 2）以 e 结尾的动词只加 d.如：like-liked loveloved 3）以辅音字母+Y 结尾的动词，变Y 为 I，再加 ed.如：study studied carry carried 4）以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写最后这个辅音字母，再加ed.如：stop stopped 5）不以 ed 结尾的过去式，称为不规则动词,如：write（写）-wrote go-went do-did have-had see-saw take-took make-made e-came buy-bought 技巧：巧记一般过去时：【一巧】时间状语（即标志词）巧。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，恰巧与表示过去的一些时间状语连用。【二巧】形式巧。它与一般现在时一样，形式多样：当主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时，谓语动词用was；主语是第二人称或其他人称复数时，谓语动词用 were。例如：I was in the classroom yesterday morning 昨天早上我在教室里。He was at school last Tuesday 上周二他在学校。They were over there a moment ago 刚才他们在那边。【三巧】否定句结构巧。与动词be 的一般现在时一样，它在动词后面加not 即可变成否定句，并且was,were 与 not 可以缩写成 wasnt,werent。即：主语 wasnt werent 表语 其他。例如：I was not(wasnt)here yesterday 昨天我不在这儿。My parents were not(werent)at home last Sunday 上周日我父母不在家。【四巧】疑问句式巧。把was,were 提到句首，句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即：Was(Were)主语 表语 其他？这恰巧与动词be 的一般现在时的疑问句式相似。例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday 前天你在家吗？Was she late this morning今天早上她迟到了吗？更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似，肯定回答用“Yes,主语 waswere”；否定回答用“No,主语 wasnt werent ”。例如：Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now 刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗？Yes,they were(No,they werent)是的，她们在。（不，她们不在。）练习名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 45 页 -3一、用 be 动词的适当形式填空1I _ an English teacher now.2She _ happy yesterday.3They _ glad to see each other last month.4Helen and Nancy _ good friends.5The little dog _ two years old this year.6Look,there _ lots of grapes here.7Today _ the second of June.Yesterday _ the first of June.It _ Childrens Day.二、用动词的适当形式填空1.I _(watch)a cartoon on Saturday.2.Her father _(read)a newspaper last night.3.We _ to zoo yesterday,we _ to the park.(go)4._ you _(visit)your relatives last Spring Festival?5._ he _(fly)a kite on Sunday?Yes,he _.6.Jim _(pull)up carrots last National Day holiday.7.I _(sweep)the floor yesterday.8.What _ she _(find)in the garden last morning?She _(find)a beautiful butterfly.1.He _(live)in Wuxi two years ago.2.The cat _(eat)a bird last night.3.We _(have)a party last Halloween.4.Nancy _(pick)up oranges on the farm last week.5.I _(make)a model ship with Mike yesterday.6.They _(play)chess in the classroom last PE lesson.7.My mother _(cook)a nice food last Spring Festival.8.The girls _(sing)and _(dance)at the party.9.It _(be)Bens birthday last Friday.10.We all _(have)a good time last night.11.He _(jump)high on last Sports Day.二、现在完成时一句型：Eg:I have finished my homework.He hasnt watered the flowers.Have they watched the film?-Yes,they have.-No,they havent.二用法1、现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果Eg.I have spent all of my money(so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 45 页 -4 Jim has(just/already)e.(含义：吉姆现在在这儿)My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)2、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与 for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.for+时段since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来）since+时段+ago since+从句（过去时）It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）E.g.Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.三、现在完成时的标志现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:*以 already,just和 yet 为标志He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt e back yet.他还没有回来。*以 ever 和 never 为标志This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。*以动作发生的次数为标志He says he has been to the USA three times.他说他已经去过美国三次了。*以 so far（到目前为止）为标+before He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用,如 yesterday,last week,three years ago 等;2)不能与 when连用 3)现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用.四、过去分词变法小结1、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。e.g.work-worked-worked (2)、以“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。e.g.live-lived-lived,(3)、以“辅音字母 +y”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i，再加“ed”。study-studied-studied,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 45 页 -5stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped 2、不规则动词：AAA型 E.g.let let let cut cut cut AAB型 E.g.beat beat beaten ABA型 E.g.bee became bee run ran run ABB型 E.g.bring brought brought feel felt felt ABC 型 E.g.begin began begun drive drove driven 五、易混知识辨析1、has gone(to),has been(to)的区别Have/Has gone(to):去了(现在不在说话现场)Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been(to):去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.2、since 和 for 的区别since 后接时间点，如 1993，last term,yesterday,the time I got there for 后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如 ten years,a while,two days等。Exercise:1、用 since 和 for 填空1.Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday.2.Jill has been in Ireland _ three days.3.His aunt has lived in Australia _15 days.4.Mary is in her office.She has been there _ 7 oclock.5.India has been an independent country _1974.6.The bus is late.Theyve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7.Nobody lives in those houses.They have been empty _ many years.8.Mike has been ill _a long time.He has been in hospital _ October.Keys：1.since 2.for 3.for 4.since 5.since 6.for 7.for 8.since 2、单项选择1.-Where have you _,Kate?-Ive _ to the bank.A.gone,gone B.been,been C.gone,been D.been,gone 2、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years.is writing.was writing.wrote.has written 3、Our country _ a lot so far.Yes.I hope it will be even _.has changed;well .changed;good.has changed;better.changed;better 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 45 页 -64、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years.was;studying.will;study.has;studied.are;studying 5、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.know.had known.have known.knew 6、_ you _ your homework yet?Yes.I _ it a moment ago.Did;do;finished .Have;done;finished.Have;done;have finished.will;do;finish 7、His father _ the Party since 1978.joined.has joined.was in.has been in 8、Miss Green isnt in the office.she_ to the library.has gone.went.will go.has been 3、填空。1.I_ already _(see)the film.I _(see)it last week.2._ he _(finish)his work today?Not yet.3.My father _ just _(e)back from work.He is tired now.4.Where s Li Ming?He _(go)to the teachers office.5.I _(work)here since I _(move)here in 1999.6.So far I _(make)quite a few friends here.7.How long _ the Wangs _(stay)here?For two weeks.8.I _ just _(finish)my homework.9._ you _(find)your science book yet?10.Ive lost my pen._ you _(see)it anywhere?三、一般将来时一、用法.“will/shall+动词原形”构成的一般将来时，其被动形式为“will/shall+be+过去分词”。(1)表示单纯的将来。如：Her elder sister will be thirty years old next month.下个月她姐姐就 30 岁了。(2)表示在说话时决定要去做某事。如：We are really lost.Ill stop to ask someone the way.我们真的迷路了。我要停下来问问路。(3)用于“祈使句+连词+简单句”固定句式中。如：Go straight on and youll see a church.You wont miss it.直走你就会看到一座教堂，你不会错过的。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 45 页 -7二一般将来时的句型(have/has done)1.肯定句：The workers will build a new school here next year.2.否定句：He wont play football with you before he finishes his work.3.疑问句：Will you be back in ten minutes?4.特殊疑问句：Where will you go next week?三、注意事项 1.用“be going to动词原形”构成的一般将来时。(1)人作主语时表示打算，“有计划要做”。如：My daughter is going to be a doctor when she grows up.我女儿打算长大后当医生。(2)物作主语时表示目前有迹象表明将要发生某事，“有的趋势（如天气变化）”。如：Look at the black clouds.Its going to rain.看那些乌云，要下雨了。(3).在含有条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句一般不用be going to，而常用 will（第一人称用 shall）。从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时：如：The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨，足球赛将被推迟举行。(4).在时间、条件或让步状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。如：They will go home for the winter vacation as soon as they finish their exams.他们一考完试就回家过寒假。Exercise()1.He _ able to e on Friday because he fails in his exam.A.will be not B.will not be C.is going to be D.isn t going be()2.When _ again?-When he _,Ill let you know.A.he es;es B.will he e;will e C.he es;will he e D.will he e;es ()3.Do you think Tom _ his uncle if he arrives?A.called B.calls C.will call D.is calling()4.Don t get off the bus until it_.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 45 页 -8A.will stop B.stops C.shall stop D.is stopped()5.We _ begin our lessons if you _ ready.A.will;will be B.shall;Will get C.will;get D./;are()6.Ill tell her about it as soon as she _ back.A.shall e B.will e C.es D.is going to e()7.-Its Saturday tomorrow.Im glad we _ any classes.-So am I.Ill go fishing.Would you like to go with me?A.haven t had B.wont have C.don t have D.wouldn t have()8.She _ him a lovely dog on his next birthday.A.gives B.gave C.will giving D.is going to give()9.If it _ tomorrow,well have a picnic.A.isn t rain B.wont rain C.doesn t rain D.doesn t fine()10.We _ the homework this way next time.A.do B.will do C.going to do D.will doing()11.The day after tomorrow he_ a volleyball match.A.will watching B.watches C.is watching D.is going to watch()12.There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A.will be going to B.will going to be C.is going to be D.will go to be()13._ a concert next Saturday?A.There will be B.Will there be C.There can be D.There are()14 If they e,we _ a meeting.A.have B.will have C.had D.would have to be()15.They _ an English evening next Sunday.A.are having B.are going to have C.will having D.is going to have()16.Charlie _ here next month.A.isn t working B.doesnt working C.isn t going to working D.wont work()17.He _ very busy this week,he _ free next week.A.will be;is B.is;is C.will be;will be D.is;will be()18.There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.A.was B.is going to have C.will have D.is going to be 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 45 页 -9四、将来进行时一、将来进行时的构成将来进行时是由 shall/will+be+现在分词 构成的。E.g.Dont phone me between 8:00 and 10:00.Well be having classes then.二、将来进行时的用法将来进行时的基本用法 :表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常与 soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,in two days,tomorrow evening 等表示将来的时间状语连用例如：Ill be taking my holiday soon.我不久就去度假了。将来进行时的特殊用法A.表示原因、结果或猜测。例如：Please e tomorrow afternoon,Tomorrow morning Ill be having a meeting.请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。(表原因)Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。(表结果)You will be making a mistake.你会出错的。(表推测)B.用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌。When shall we be meeting again?我们什么时候再见面？C.表示稍后一点儿的安排。The students are studying Unit 3 this week,and next week theyll be studying Unit 4.这周学生们学第三单元，下周他们将学第四单元。【注意】在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如：Be careful when you are crossing the street.过马路时要当心。Exercise 将来进行时练习1.What_ you_this time tomorrow?A willdo B willhave done C willbe done D willbe doing 2.The street lights_on when night falls.A will have gone B will have been going C will be going D will be gone 3.Joe_the piano in a few minutes.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 45 页 -10 A shall be played B will have been playing C shall be playing D will have played 4.I _ my grandmother at three this afternoon.A shall be visiting B shall have visited C shall be visiting D will visit 5.“Can you attend the party tonight?”“No,_ the boss about something urgent.”A I see BI shall have seen C Ill be seeing D I can see【将来进行时与一般将来时的比较】两者都表示将来的行为，但在用法上有所区别：(1)将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作；而一般将来时表示将来某时将要发生的动作。如：She wont be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.明天 8 点她不在办公室开会。What will you do at five tomorrow afternoon?明天下午五点你将干什么？(2)将来进行时常用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事；而一般将来时表示临时决定。如：We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我们要去海边度假。Did you tell Julia about the result?你告诉朱莉娅结果了吗？Oh,no.I will call her now.噢，没有。我现在就告诉她。(3)将来进行时不表示个人意愿。如：They will be meeting us at the station.他们会在车站接我们的。(4)将来进行时比一般将来时在语气上要委婉客气。如：When will you finish these letters?你什么时候会处理完这些信件？When shall I be expecting you this evening?今天晚上我几点等你？五、过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past）”。-|-|-|-那时以前那时现在构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had+过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。E.g.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the h名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 45 页 -11 otel.二、过去完成时的判断依据1.由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1）by+过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（2）by the end of+过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3）before+过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2.由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（1）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.（2）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station,the train had already left.After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.注意：before,after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door,he left the classroom.（3）表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等，用过去完成时表示 原本，未能 We had hoped that you would e,but you didnt.3.根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：When I woke up,it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book.(had written 发生在 t名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 45 页 -12 old 之前)3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等时间副词及 by，before，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China,Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）四、易混时态辨析1、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have(has)+过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。Im sorry to keep you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。Oh,not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）John returned home yesterday.约翰昨天回到家的。Where had he been?他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）2、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1）.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2）.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下