2022年语文知识点汇总 .pdf

语文知识点汇总古诗词古诗词曲内容分类及赏析要点一、怀古诗怀古诗一般以怀念古代的人物和事迹为主要内容咏史怀古诗往往将史实和现实扭结在一起，或感慨个人遭遇，或抨击社会现实。咏史怀古诗的奸商首先要弄清史实、典故，其次要体会意图、感情、再次要品味技巧手法。1、形式标志标题中有古迹、古人名前冠以“咏”，或在古迹、名人名后加“怀古”“咏怀”等。2、内容特点(1)表达像古人那样渴望建功立业的志向，抒发对古人的缅怀之情。(2)抒发昔盛今衰的感慨，暗含对现实的不满甚至批判，多借古讽今。(3)忧国伤时，揭露统治者的昏庸腐朽，同情下层人民的疾苦，担忧国家民族的前途命运。(4)悲叹年华消逝，壮志难酬。二、咏物诗1、咏物诗特点内容上以某一物为描写对象，抓住其某些特征着意描摹。思想上往往是托物言志。由物到人，由实到虚，写出精神品格，常用比喻、象征、拟人、对比等表现手法。2、内容特点咏物言志，借所咏之物表达自己的志向和品质，或表达自己对生活的思考、对人事的评价。3、分析角度物与人的相同点（物我合一的结合点），赏析时要重点把握写的什么物，有什么特征，寄托什么志。三、写景诗四、东晋陶渊明开田园诗先河。南朝谢灵运开山水诗之先河。发展到唐代，有山水田园诗派，代表人物是王维、孟浩然。山水田园诗以描写自然风光、农村景物以及安逸恬淡的隐居生活见长，诗境隽永优美，风格恬静淡雅，语言清丽洗练。这类诗抒情上常常是借景抒情、寄情于景、写法上常常是白描、衬托。1、内容范围山水田园诗和其他写景诗。2、写法特点借景抒情，融情于景。3、分析重点景物特征。4、山水田园诗的主题（1）归隐田园，钟情山水。（2）描绘山川美景，热爱祖国河山（3）厌恶官场黑暗，抒发闲适情调，表达自己决不同流合污的高洁品格。四、战争诗名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 12 页 -从先秦就有了以边塞、战争为题材的诗，发展到唐代，由于战争频繁，统治者重武轻文，士人邀功边庭以博取功名比由科举进身容易得多，加之盛唐那种积极用世、昂扬奋进的时代气氛，于是奇情壮丽的边塞诗便发展起来了，形成一种新的诗歌流派，其代表人物是高适、岑参、王昌龄。1、形式标志标题中常出现“塞”、“征”、“军”等字眼，也有用乐府旧题的，如长歌行、短歌行等2、基本主题建功立业的渴望，保家卫国的决心，山河沦丧的痛苦，久居边关的乡愁，塞外生活的艰辛和连年征战的惨烈，报国无门的怨愤和归家无望的哀痛。3、分析重点鉴赏边塞诗要结合作者生平和诗歌创作的具体时间，体味诗人在诗中写的是什么，抒发了哪一类型的情感，要注意富有边塞特征的景物和表现战争特征的事件以及战争中人们的心理。五、行旅诗和闺怨诗古人或久宦在外，或长期流离漂泊，或久戍边关，总会引发浓浓的思乡怀人之情，所以这类诗酒特别多，它们或写羁旅之思，或写思念亲友，或写征人思乡，或写闺中怀人。写作上或触景伤情，或感时生情（中秋望月、重阳登高、伤春悲秋、日暮思归），或托物传情（月、雁、笛、柳），或因梦寄情，或妙喻传情。鉴赏这类诗要整体感知的基础上确定情感类别。抓住意象，构建图景。抓住关键词语，体味艺术特点。1、行旅诗主要表现行旅之人旅途的艰辛、寂寞以及对家乡、亲人的思念。2、闺怨诗一是表现妇女对出征在外的丈夫的思念，表现对战争的厌恶或鼓励丈夫建功立业的情怀；二是表达对宦游在外的丈夫的思念，表达女子的离情别绪，忧愁伤感；三是表现宫中女子对自由被禁锢、遭人冷落的处境的怨恨，表达对自由和幸福生活的向往。六、送别诗古代由于交通不便，通讯极不发达，亲人朋友之间往往一别数载难以相见，故古人特别看重离别。离别之际，人们往往设酒饯别，折柳相送，有时还要吟诗话别，因此离情别绪就成为古代文人一个永恒的话题。因个人的情况不同，故送别诗所写的具体内容及思乡倾向往往有别，有的直接书写离别之情，有的一吐胸中积愤或表明心志，有的重在写离愁别绪，有的重在劝勉、鼓励、安慰，有的兼而有之。1、形式标志标题中有“送”或“别”等字眼。2、基本主题依依不舍的留恋，情深意长的勉励，坦陈心志的告白，别后情境的想象与对友人的担忧思念。3、感情色彩依恋与不舍低沉哀婉，伤感惆怅。安慰与祝愿旷达刚健，乐观向上。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 12 页 -古诗词中常见景物的象征意义杨花：写离情青草：喻离恨春雨：喻愁绪大海：喻愁绪西风：写愁绪猿啼：写愁绪骏马：比喻志向流水：常以水喻愁丁香：指愁思或相思红豆：象征爱情或相思梧桐：凄凉悲伤的象征浮云：比喻在外漂泊的游子乌鸦：常表现凄清的氛围杜鹃：常常是凄凉、哀伤的象征鸿雁：诗人常姐雁抒情，寄寓乡愁杨柳：暗喻离别，有惜别怀远之意燕子：象征爱情菊花：常是恬然自处、傲然不屈品格的象征梅花：常常是坚韧不拔、高风亮节的品格的象征月亮：古诗中的月亮往往是思乡的代名词，是相思之情的载体青松：它是耐寒树木，经冬不凋，因此常象征孤傲、正直、高洁的品格莲花：古诗中有不少写莲的诗句，借以表达爱情。又由于莲出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，故被视为处于浊世而仍保持气节的高洁之士的象征寒蝉：蝉常常成为诗人自比清高的载体，而秋蝉命在旦夕，一番秋雨后，蝉儿便剩下几声若断若续的哀鸣了。因此，蝉又是悲凉的同义词。赏析辨析题答题技巧：此类题考查理解概括能力。概括主要内容，主要抓住诗句的关键此举，抓住诗中出现的重要意象。若诗句重在叙事，就概括发生了怎样的事情。对诗歌中词句的理解，有赖于平时的学习积累。情感主旨题答题技巧：首先要注意整首诗的基调，若是愉悦的，通常表现作者对生活的热爱，对美好生活的憧憬，等等；若是愁苦的、悲凉的、孤单寂寞的，通常表现作者对现状的额不满。然后要联系诗的背景，注意用典故的句子及诗中抒情的句子。描绘画面题答题技巧：此类题考查理解能力和表达能力，解答时注意抓住诗歌的描写对象，抓住景物的主要特征；发挥自己的想象，丰富诗句的内容，注意语言要优美。品味语言题答题技巧：此类题考查学生对语言的理解感悟能力。解答此类题通常要抓住诗句中的富有表现力的关键词语，如动词、形容词等。首先要理解这些词语在句中的含义，然后分析作者通过它们想要表达的意思或心情。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 12 页 -分析技巧题答题技巧：表达技巧是指诗人在塑造形象、创造意境时所采取的特殊“手段”，包括：修辞手法、表现手法、抒情方式等。（1）常用修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、借代、对比、通感、互文等。一般情况下如果题目要求中没有注明从何角度进行赏析，首先要考虑的是使用了何种修辞。再联系诗意分析其妙处即可。（2）常用表现手法：白描、用典、象征、想象、映衬、烘托、欲扬先抑、以小见大、动静结合、以动写静、虚实相生等。（3）常用抒情方式：直抒胸臆、借景抒情、情景交融、托物言志。表达技巧不限于以上所列的这些，解题时要从全诗的结构特色、艺术风格，以及诗词中景与情、事与理的关系等方面综合考虑。诗歌赏析练习柏林寺南望郎士元溪上遥闻精舍钟，泊舟微径度深松。青山霁后云犹在，画出西南四五峰。注释遥：远远地。闻：听见。精舍：佛寺，此处指柏林寺。泊：停船靠岸。径：小路。度：度过，越过。霁（j ）：雨止。1.请根据诗意，在下面括号内填写出诗人的行踪。（）松径（或松林）（）2.登高远眺，在诗人眼中的山色尤为苍翠，试根据第三局分析原因。3.“画出西南四五峰”不但写出了山峰的美妙，还表达了“望者”怎样的情感？淮村兵后戴复古小桃无主自开花，烟草茫茫带晚鸦。几处败垣围故井，向来一一是人家。注 淮村：南宋江淮一带中的一个村庄。戴复古：江湖诗派著名诗人。1、“小桃无主自开花”一句中，“无主”一词有什么表达作用？盛开的桃花前加上“无主”二字修饰，使乐景顿生凄凉。展现了战乱后百姓逃亡，农村荒凉无人的景象。2.请简要概括作者在诗中表达的情感。表达了诗人对农村遭受战乱破坏的无比痛心，对百姓因战乱而失去家园的同情。对入侵之敌的仇恨，对战争的厌恶。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 12 页 -峡口送友人司空曙峡口花飞欲尽春，天涯去住泪沾巾。来时万里同为客，今日翻成送故人。【注】峡口两山夹水的地方，这里指长江出蜀的险隘。去住：指走的人和留的人。1.首句中“峡口花飞欲尽春”交代了什么内容？在诗句中有何作用？交代了地点和季节，渲染了凄凉/忧伤的氛围，烘托了诗人的惆怅之情。2.这首诗抒发的情感和王勃的送杜少府之任蜀川中的“无为在歧路，儿女共沾巾”表达的感情有什么不同？司空曙惆怅伤感，王勃乐观旷达。Have you ever taken a tour of a zoo?If so,it likely that the person who led you through the zoo helped you to learn a lot about the _1_ Amelia Rinas is a high school student who lives in Ohio One day Amelia _2_ the Cleveland Metropark ZooThe moment she saw the gorillas there,she left _3_ about them She wondered if they were getting the right foodsAmelia read all she could about gorillas and learned what they like to _4_Then she started a“gorilla garden”She grows the fruits and vegetables that go rillas love to eatSome of those foods are tomatoes,carrots,and strawberriesAmelia works with other volunteers in her community who use their _5_ time to help America and the gorillasWhen they take the food to the zoo,the gorillas are thrilledthey look so excited!Who is responsible for Amelias interest in animals?Amelia is a member of Roots&ShootsIts members are young people who _6_ animals and the environmentThey helped Amelia understand that animals need our care,tooThe slogan on the Roots&Shoots Website is“Inspire,take action make a difference”These words tell _7_ the group is all aboutThe group urges(力劝)kids and grown ups,including parents and teachers,to do what they can to make a _8_ where they liveWhen interviewed about her project,Amelia said,“I joined Root&Shoots _9_ I wanted to make a difference in the world”There are many _10_ to make a difference in the worldAmelia Rinass gorilla garden has helped make gorillas happier and healthier1 A gardens B foods C plants Danimals 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 12 页 -2Aopened Bbought Cvisited Dstarted 3 A bored B tired C worried Drelaxed 4Aeat Bbite Cfight Dkick 5Apaid Blast Cextra Dlost 6Acare about Blook for Crun after D laugh at 7Awhen Bwhat Chow Dwhere 8Aliving Bmistake Cnote Ddifference 9Abecause Bbut Cthough D unless 10 Aways Bmysteries Ccourses Dinventions Have you ever taken a tour of a zoo?If so,it likely that the person who led you through the zoo helped you to learn a lot about the _1_ Amelia Rinas is a high school student who lives in Ohio One day Amelia _2_ the Cleveland Metropark ZooThe moment she saw the gorillas there,she left _3_ about them She wondered if they were getting the right foodsAmelia read all she could about gorillas and learned what they like to _4_Then she started a“gorilla garden”She grows the fruits and vegetables that go rillas love to eatSome of those foods are tomatoes,carrots,and strawberriesAmelia works with other volunteers in her community who use their _5_ time to help America and the gorillasWhen they take the food to the zoo,the gorillas are thrilledthey look so excited!Who is responsible for Amelias interest in animals?Amelia is a member of Roots&ShootsIts members are young people who _6_ animals and the environmentThey helped Amelia understand that animals need our care,tooThe slogan on the Roots&Shoots Website is“Inspire,take action make a difference”These words tell _7_ the group is all aboutThe group urges(力劝)kids and grown ups,including parents and teachers,to do what they can to make a _8_ where they liveWhen interviewed about her project,Amelia said,“I joined Root&Shoots _9_ I wanted to make a difference in the world”There are many _10_ to make a difference in the worldAmelia Rinass gorilla garden has helped make gorillas happier and healthier1 A gardens B foods C plants DanimalsD 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 12 页 -2Aopened Bbought Cvisited DstartedC 3 A bored B tired C worried DrelaxedC 4Aeat Bbite Cfight DkickA 5Apaid Blast Cextra DlostC 6Acare about Blook for Crun after D laugh atA 7Awhen Bwhat Chow DwhereB 8Aliving Bmistake Cnote DdifferenceD 9Abecause Bbut Cthough D unlessA 10 Aways Bmysteries Ccourses DInventionsA It was Christmas Eve.When everyone went to bed,Bunny couldnt fall asleep.He still couldnt think of what he wanted as a special Christmas present.He wondered how Santa Father Christmas would know what to bring him if he didn t know himself.As he was sitting up in bed,Bunny heard a big noise on the roof(屋顶)and a sound downstairs.It was Santa Claus,he realized.Bunny jumped out of bed and ran down the hall to the stairs.He hoped to take a look at the old man before Santa left for his next stop.By the time Bunny was at the bottom of the stairs,everything was silent again.Lots of presents were put under the Christmas tree,but Santa was gone.A little disappointed(失望的),Bunny turned to climb back upstairs when he heard a cry.“Hello,”said Bunny.“Is somebody there”He was answered by another cry.Bunny looked around the big pile of presents to see what was making the noise.Right under the tree was a funny looking brown animal with big feet and sad eyes.It also had antlers(鹿角)on its head.Bunny almost mistook it for a dog.“Are you a reindeer”asked Bunny.“Yes,”replied the brown animal with antlers.“My name is Ralph.”“And you were pulling Santas sled(雪橇)”“I was until I got air-sick,”replied Ralph.“Santa had to leave me here and go on with the other seven reindeer.”“Isn t it a bit unusual for a reindeer to get air-sick I mean,isn t flying what reindeer are famous for”“Not me,I m afraid.It makes me scared.I always feel sick when it comes to flying,”replied Ralph.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 12 页 -“But everyone wanted me to pull Santas sled,so when it was my turn I gave it a try.Im afraid I just wasn t cut out for the job.Now Im stuck here and I dont know how to get back to the North Pole.”“Well,if you like,you can stay with us as a friend,”said Bunny.As he made the offer,Bunny suddenly realized the special present he wanted from Santa was a new friend!33.Why couldn t Bunny fall asleep on Christmas EveC A.He wanted to take a close look at Santa Claus.B.He was waiting for his special present from his father.C.He was thinking about what present to get from Santa.D.He was woken up by a noise on the roof of his house.34.The underlined phrase“cut out”probably means.A A.suitable B.famous C.ready D.bad 35.What can we learn from the articleB A.Ralph is a brown dog with antlers.B.Ralph is afraid of flying in the air.C.Bunny got a sled as a Christmas present.D.Bunny sent Ralph back to the North Pole.36.This article seems to tell us that.D A.Santa lives in the South Pole with his reindeer B.Santa usually puts Christmas presents on the roofs C.Santa uses dogs to bring children presents on Christmas Eve D.Santa knows what presents children want without being toldIt was Christmas Eve.When everyone went to bed,Bunny couldnt fall asleep.He still couldnt think of what he wanted as a special Christmas present.He wondered how Santa Father Christmas would know what to bring him if he didn t know himself.As he was sitting up in bed,Bunny heard a big noise on the roof(屋顶)and a sound downstairs.It was Santa Claus,he realized.Bunny jumped out of bed and ran down the hall to the stairs.He hoped to take a look at the old man before Santa left for his next stop.By the time Bunny was at the bottom of the stairs,everything was silent again.Lots of presents were put under the Christmas tree,but Santa was gone.A little disappointed(失望的),Bunny turned to climb back upstairs when he heard a cry.“Hello,”said Bunny.“Is somebody there”He was answered by another cry.Bunny looked around the big pile of presents to see what was making the noise.Right under the tree was a funny 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 12 页 -looking brown animal with big feet and sad eyes.It also had antlers(鹿角)on its head.Bunny almost mistook it for a dog.“Are you a reindeer”asked Bunny.“Yes,”replied the brown animal with antlers.“My name is Ralph.”“And you were pulling Santas sled(雪橇)”“I was until I got air-sick,”replied Ralph.“Santa had to leave me here and go on with the other seven reindeer.”“Isn t it a bit unusual for a reindeer to get air-sick I mean,isn t flying what reindeer are famous for”“Not me,I m afraid.It makes me scared.I always feel sick when it comes to flying,”replied Ralph.“But everyone wanted me to pull Santas sled,so when it was my turn I gave it a try.Im afraid I just wasn t cut out for the job.Now Im stuck here and I dont know how to get back to the North Pole.”“Well,if you like,you can stay with us as a friend,”said Bunny.As he made the offer,Bunny suddenly realized the special present he wanted from Santa was a new friend!33.Why couldn t Bunny fall asleep on Christmas Eve A.He wanted to take a close look at Santa Claus.B.He was waiting for his special present from his father.C.He was thinking about what present to get from Santa.D.He was woken up by a noise on the roof of his house.34.The underlined phrase“cut out”probably means.A.suitable B.famous C.ready D.bad 35.What can we learn from the article A.Ralph is a brown dog with antlers.B.Ralph is afraid of flying in the air.C.Bunny got a sled as a Christmas present.D.Bunny sent Ralph back to the North Pole.36.This article seems to tell us that.A.Santa lives in the South Pole with his reindeer B.Santa usually puts Christmas presents on the roofs C.Santa uses dogs to bring children presents on Christmas Eve D.Santa knows what presents children want without being told 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 12 页 -ability ability to do sth develop an ability Outstanding ability to the best of ones ability able be able to do the most able student abolish above above all as was stated above for the above reasons absence absence of mind in the absence of abroad adsence absent academic accent ache acid 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 12 页 -act address adequate advanced age agent aggressive air alive anchor anger argue arm army arrest article ash attend attitude avenue behave birth blind board branch bridge budget button carrier cement center champion channel charm choice cloudy comb company composition concert corner couch couple credit cross dark date 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 12 页 -名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 12 页，共 12 页 -