肝炎病毒病毒医学微生物学.ppt

现在学习的是第1页，共44页 现在学习的是第2页，共44页lpicornavirus,+ssRNA genome小小RNA病毒科病毒科l27 nm in diameter,non-enveloped icosahedral particle 27nm,球形，球形，20面立体对称，面立体对称，无包膜无包膜lone serotype一个血清型一个血清型Feinstone（1973）现在学习的是第3页，共44页lStronger than enterovirus,resistant to detergents,acid(pH 1.0 for 2h),60 for 1h，survive for months in fresh water and salt water 抵抗力比肠道病毒强现在学习的是第4页，共44页lspread via the fecal-oral route粪口途径传播lSource of infection:patient,inapparent infection传染源:病人、隐性感染者隐性感染者lViral shedding in the stool precedes the onset of symptoms by 14d but stops before the cessation of symptoms lSymptomsInitial symptoms:fever,fatigue,nausea,loss of appetite,abdominal painJaundice 现在学习的是第5页，共44页粪口途径传播粪口途径传播小肠淋巴结中大量增殖小肠淋巴结中大量增殖入血并形成入血并形成病毒血症病毒血症肝脏为最终靶肝脏为最终靶器官（病毒直器官（病毒直接损伤或免疫接损伤或免疫病理作用）病理作用）通过胆汁随粪通过胆汁随粪便排出体外便排出体外现在学习的是第6页，共44页lAsymptomatic infections are very common.As already noted,disease in children is generally milder than that in adults and is usually asymptomatic隐性感染多隐性感染多lNo a chronic infection and carrier,not associated with hepatic cancer.无慢性病例和病毒携带者，不与肝癌有关无慢性病例和病毒携带者，不与肝癌有关lComplete recovery:99%预后好预后好lFulminant hepatitis暴发性肝炎暴发性肝炎:13/1000,80%mortality rate死死亡率亡率 lPregnant women may develop more severe disease.孕妇感染严重孕妇感染严重现在学习的是第7页，共44页Mechanisim of pathogenisis致病机理：lDirectly injury by virus病毒直接损伤病毒直接损伤limmunopathogenesis免疫病理作用免疫病理作用现在学习的是第8页，共44页现在学习的是第9页，共44页immunity免疫性无论显性感染还是隐性感染 均能产生抗-HAV的 IgM和IgG抗体抗-HAV的IgM在急性期和恢复早期出现 阳性可作为甲肝的确诊依据 抗-HAV的IgG在恢复后期出现 有保护作用，维持终身 现在学习的是第10页，共44页lanti-HAV IgM 抗抗HAV IgMlby an ELISA or radioimmunoassay现在学习的是第11页，共44页lControl the source of infection控制传染源 lCut down the route of transmission切断传播途径lPassive immunization-Normal immunoglobulin 丙种球蛋白lActive immunizationsA killed HAV vaccinea live attenuated HAV vaccine现在学习的是第12页，共44页现在学习的是第13页，共44页There are 3 particles in patients bloodlDane particle Dane颗粒颗粒（大球形颗粒）（大球形颗粒）lsmall spherical particle小球形颗粒小球形颗粒ltubulose particle管形颗粒管形颗粒现在学习的是第14页，共44页Complete particle,infective HBVspherical，double capsid球形,双层衣壳。outer capsid=envelope外衣壳外衣壳=包膜包膜(脂质双层脂质双层+蛋白质蛋白质)HBsAg等等 inner capsid内衣壳：内衣壳：HBcAg、HBeAginternal内部：DNA-circular,double-stranded环状双链环状双链 DNA polymerase 多聚酶现在学习的是第15页，共44页HBsAg-containing particles 过剩的衣壳蛋白装配而成现在学习的是第16页，共44页 小球形颗粒串联而成现在学习的是第17页，共44页a circular,double-stranded DNA containing single-strand breaks 不完全双链不完全双链环状环状DNAfour open reading frames that encode seven polypeptides.含含4个个ORF,编码编码7个个蛋白蛋白S HBsAg,Pre-s1,Pre-s2C HBcAg，HBeAgP polymerase多聚酶多聚酶X HBxAg基因基因现在学习的是第18页，共44页lhepatitis B surface antigenHBsAgHBsAg表面抗原indicates that virus replication is occurring in the liverindicates that virus replication is occurring in the liver 说明病毒在肝中复制（机体受感染标志）说明病毒在肝中复制（机体受感染标志）four phenotypesfour phenotypes：adradr,adw,ayr,ayw,adw,ayr,aywantiantiHBsHBs:neutralization antibody中和抗体中和抗体lhepatitis B core antigen HBcAgHBcAg核心抗原not found in bloodnot found in blood一般不能检出一般不能检出antiantiHBc nonHBc nonneutralization antibody非中和抗体非中和抗体Core IgMCore IgM indicates recent infection.indicates recent infection.抗抗HBc IgMHBc IgM说明说明HBVHBV复制复制Core IgGCore IgG indicates exposure to HBVindicates exposure to HBVAntigen of outer capsid外衣壳抗原外衣壳抗原Antigens of inner capsid内衣壳抗原内衣壳抗原现在学习的是第19页，共44页lhepatitis B e antigenhepatitis B e antigen e抗原HBeAgHBeAgthe best correlate to the presence of infectious virus.the best correlate to the presence of infectious virus.感染性病毒存在的最有效证据（复制及具传染性的感染性病毒存在的最有效证据（复制及具传染性的标志）标志）anti-HBeanti-HBe indicates low infectivity in a carrierindicates low infectivity in a carrier 抗抗H HB Be e说明病毒感染性较低（是预后良好的征象）说明病毒感染性较低（是预后良好的征象）现在学习的是第20页，共44页lculture培养 lresistance抵抗力 strong resistance to cool,dry,ultraviolet,alcohol inactivate:100 10min现在学习的是第21页，共44页Pathogenesis and Immunity lsource of infection传染源 patients or carriers 急性、慢性患者或无症状急性、慢性患者或无症状HBsAgHBsAg携带者携带者lroute of transmission传播途径 sexual routes parenteral肠胃外的肠胃外的 routesl injection of the virus into the blood stream lcontaminated blood and blood components by transfusion,needle sharing,acupuncture针灸针灸,ear piercing,or tattooing perinatal围产期围产期 routes lcontact with the mothers blood at birth and in mother milk 现在学习的是第22页，共44页lCell-mediated immunity(liver injury)Cell-mediated immunity(liver injury)lImmune complexes(HBsAg+anti-HBs):Immune complexes(HBsAg+anti-HBs):development of hypersensitivity reactions development of hypersensitivity reactions(other organs injury(other organs injury）infants infected perinatally become chronic infants infected perinatally become chronic carrierscarriers 现在学习的是第23页，共44页lAcute infection急性感染急性感染lFulminant hepatitis暴发型肝炎暴发型肝炎 lChronic infection 慢性感染慢性感染lPrimary hepatocellular carcinoma（PHC）原发性肝细胞癌原发性肝细胞癌 现在学习的是第24页，共44页la long incubation period and an insidious onset lprodromal period前驱期:fever,malaise不适,anorexia食欲缺乏,nausea,vomiting,abdominal discomfort,chills lclassic icteric黄疸 symptoms of liver damage lRecovery 现在学习的是第25页，共44页loccurs in approximately 1%of icteric patients and may be fatal 1%黄疸病人，可致死 lsevere liver damage,such as ascites and bleeding 肝严重受损，腹水，出血现在学习的是第26页，共44页lelevated liver enzyme levels 转氨酶水平高l10%of patients with chronic hepatitis may develop cirrhosis and liver failure 10%可发展为肝硬化和肝衰竭lmajor source for spread of the virus主要传染源lat risk for fulminant disease if they become co-infected with HDV 现在学习的是第27页，共44页lpromoting continued liver repair and cell growth in response to tissue damage lintegrating into the host chromosome and stimulating cell growth directly 现在学习的是第28页，共44页现在学习的是第29页，共44页lHBsAg、抗抗HBslHBeAg、抗抗HBel（HBcAg）抗抗HBc现在学习的是第30页，共44页现在学习的是第31页，共44页HBsAgHBeAg抗-HBe抗-HBc抗-HBs临床意义IgMIgG+-感染或无症状携带者感染或无症状携带者+-+-急性乙型肝炎（有急性乙型肝炎（有传染）传染）（大三阳）（大三阳）+-+-慢性乙型肝炎（有传染）慢性乙型肝炎（有传染）（大三阳）大三阳）+-+-急性肝炎趋向恢复急性肝炎趋向恢复（小三阳）（小三阳）-+-+恢复期（传染性低）恢复期（传染性低）-+既往感染或接种疫苗既往感染或接种疫苗-未感染，无免疫力未感染，无免疫力现在学习的是第32页，共44页lControl the source of infection控制传染源 lCut down the route of transmission切断传播途径lPassive immunization-Hepatitis B immune globulin（HBIg）抗-HBs人血清球蛋白lActive immunizationsHBsAg vaccinelNo specific treatment现在学习的是第33页，共44页predominant cause of non A non B hepatitis 现在学习的是第34页，共44页la member of the flavivirus 黄病毒属成员l4060nm,spherical球形lan enveloped virion有包膜lGenome:(+)ss RNA现在学习的是第35页，共44页l six genotypes基因型：、l transmitted by means similar to HBV 传播途径似HBVin infected blood（输血后肝炎）lIntravenous drug abusers ltransfusion lorgan recipients lhemophiliacs receiving factors or sexually现在学习的是第36页，共44页persistent,chronic hepatitis cirrhosis肝硬化，hepatocellular carcinoma肝癌lacute hepatitis 15%lchronic persistent infection 70%lsevere rapid progression to cirrhosis 15 现在学习的是第37页，共44页lELISA recognition of antibodylgenetic techniques to detect HCV RNATreatment防治原则lNo vaccine尚无可用疫苗lRecombinant IFN-alone or with ribavirin 病毒唑现在学习的是第38页，共44页la defective virus that acquires an HBsAg coat for transmissionHDV是是缺陷病毒，需以缺陷病毒，需以HBsAg构成其衣构成其衣壳来传播壳来传播lcircular,single-stranded RNA molecules and an internal core antigen(HDAg)单负链环状RNA和和 抗原（抗原（HDAg）现在学习的是第39页，共44页lspread by the same routes as HBV:blood,semen,and vaginal secretions 传播途径与HBV相同：血液，精液，阴道分泌物lincreases the severity of HBV infections:Fulminant hepatitis 加重HBV感染：爆发性肝炎Coinfection联合感染Superinfection重迭感染现在学习的是第40页，共44页ldetecting the delta antigen，RNA or antibodies病原学检病原学检查为查为HDAg、抗抗HDV及及HDV-RNAlAnti-HDV IgMlPersistant Anti-HDV IgG chronic infectionTreatment and preventionlno known specific treatment lprevention of infection with HBV prevents HDV infection.现在学习的是第41页，共44页lspherical,non-enveloped,and 27-34 nm 球形，无包膜，la positive-sense,single-strand RNA genome 单正链RNA现在学习的是第42页，共44页lspread by the fecal-oral route为粪口途径为粪口途径传播传播lsymptoms and course of HEV disease are similar to those of HAV disease 症状病程类似HAVlAcute hepatitis，mortality rate:1%to 2%lespecially serious in pregnant women(mortality rate of approximately 20%)孕妇感染严重,病死率高达20%现在学习的是第43页，共44页感谢大家观看感谢大家观看现在学习的是第44页，共44页