2022年自考现代语言学每章要点总结 .docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 自考现代语言学每章要点总结第一章 绪论 1/ What is linguistics. 什么是语言学？Linguistics.is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics 语言学的讨论范畴 The study of language as a whole is often called.general linguistics. 一般语言学 The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called.phonetics. （语音学）.The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called.phonology. （音系学）.The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called.morphology. （形状学）.The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences 名师归纳总结 is called.syntax. （句法学）（语义学）第 1 页,共 5 页.The study of meaning in language is called.semantics. .The study of meaning in context of use is called.pragmatics. （语- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 用学）.The study of language with reference to society is called.socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）.The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）The study of applications as the recovery of speech ability is generally known as.applied linguistics. （应用语言学）But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include.anthropological linguistics, （人类语 言 学 ） .neurological linguistics, （ 神 经 语 言 学 ） .mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学） putational linguistics. （运算机语言学）3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学讨论中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 描写与规定 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be.descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be.prescriptive. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “ correct ” or not. Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a.synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a.diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Langue and parole p.'r.ul 语言和言语 The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th.century. Langue.refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and.parole.refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. 语言才能和语言运用 Competence and performance Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s. He petence.as the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language, and.performance.the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules. 4/ What is language. 语言的定义Language.is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Sapir,Edward uses definition. “ ideas ”“ emotions ” and “ desires ” in his Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution. Chomskys definition is quite different, it focus on the purely structural 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 5 页