化学反应动力学第二章习题参考答案.doc
化学反应动力学第二章习题1、 The first-order gas reaction SO2Cl2 ® SO2 + Cl2 has k = 2.20 ´ 10-5 s-1 at 593K,(1) What percent of a sample of SO2Cl2 would be decomposed by heating at 593K for 1 hour?(2) How long will it take for half the SO2Cl2 to decompose?解:一级反应动力学方程为:(1) 反应达1小时时:=0.924=92.4%已分解的百分数为:100%-92.4%=7.6%(2) 当 时,s = 31500 s = 8.75 hour2、 T-butyl bromide is converted into t-butyl alcohol in a solvent containing 90 percent acetone and 10 percent water. The reaction is given by (CH3)3CBr + H2O ® (CH3)3COH + HBrThe following table gives the data for the concentration of t-utyl bromide versus time:T(min) 0 9 18 24 40 54 72 105(CH3)CBr (mol/L) 0.1056 0.0961 0.0856 0.0767 0.0645 0.0536 0.0432 0.0270(1) What is the order of the reaction?(2) What is the rate constant of the reaction?(3) What is the half-life of the reaction?解: (1) 设反应级数为 n,则 若 n=1,则 t = 9 , t = 18 t = 24 , t = 40 t = 54 , t = 72 , t = 105 若 n=2,则 t : 9 18 24 40 54 k : 0.1040 0.1229 0.1487 0.1509 0.1701 若 n=1.5 t : 9 18 24 k : 0.0165 0.0189 0.0222 若 n=3 t : 9 18 24 k : 2.067 2.60 3.46反应为一级。 (2) k = 0.0123 min -1= 2.05×10-4 s -1 (3)= 56.3 min = 3378 s3、已知复杂反应: 的速率方程为,推导其动力学方程。要求写出详细的推导过程。解:设 时, , , 时, , , 代入 得: 令 = , = , = 则 , 移项积分: 令 , 得动力学方程:4、已知复杂反应由下列两个基元反应组成:求反应进行过程中,A1物种浓度及A3物种浓度间的关系。要求写出详细的推导过程。解:速率方程: (1) (2) ,得:设 时, , 移项积分: 考虑物料平衡: ,代入上式, 得A1A3关系式为:即:若 时, ,则:5、 Consider the reaction mechanismi. Write chemical rate equations for A and X.ii. Employing the steady-state approximation, show that an effective rate equation for A is dA/dt = -keff ABiii. Give an expression for keff in terms of k1, k-1, k2, and B. 解:. . 对X进行稳态近似,则 即: 即:6、 (a) The reaction 2 NO + O2 ® 2 NO2 is third order. Assuming that a small amount of NO3 exists in rapid reversible equilibrium with NO and O2 and that the rate-determining step is the slow bimolecular reaction NO3 + NO ® 2 NO2, derive the rate equation for this the mechanism. (b) Another possible mechanism for the reaction 2 NO + O2 ® 2 NO2 is (1) NO + NO ® N2O2 k1 (2) N2O2 ® 2 NO k2 (3) N2O2 + O2 ® 2 NO2 k3Apply the steady state approximation to N2O2 to obtain the rate law for dNO2/dt.If only a very small fraction of the N2O2 formed in (1) gose to form products in reaction (3), while most of the N2O2 reverts to NO in reaction (2), and if the activation energies are E1 = 79.5 kJ/mol, E2 = 205 kJ/mol, and E3 = 84 kJ/mol, what is the overall activation energy?(c) How would you distinguish experimentally between the mechanism suggested in part (a) and (b)? 解:(a) 机理为: 据快速平衡: (b) (1) k1 (2) k2 (3) k3 对 N2O2 进行稳态近似 若只有很少量的N2O2转变为 NO2,而绝大部分转变为 NO,即k2 >> k3 O2, 则: E a(overall) = E a1+ E a3 - E a2 =79.5 + 84 -205 = - 41.5 kJ·mol-1 (c) (1) 检测中间体 N2O2 或 NO3 (2)大大增加O2的浓度 第一历程为: 第二历程为: 测定速率常数大小是否及O2浓度有关。 (3)作r O2 ( 固定NO , 测不同O2 下的反应速率 ) 第一历程为直线,第二历程不为线性。7、复杂反应常用来描述酶催化反应和热活化单分子反应,若其总包反应的反应速率方程为:推导总包反应活化能及各元反应活化能的关系。 解: (1) 当 k-1>>k2 时, 反应机理中的第二步为决速步,总包反应速率常数为: 总包反应的活化能: (2) 当 k-1 << k2 时, 反应机理中的第一步为决速步,总包反应速率常数为: 总包反应活化能:严格来说应为:8、已知H2 + Cl2 2 HCl 反应的速率方程为:拟定该反应的反应机理。要求写出详细推导过程。 解:写出反应体系可能存在的各基元反应: Ea(kJ/mol) Ea(kJ/mol) 117.2 20.9 436 0.0 25.1 0.0 8.415.1 0.0根据活化能大小,拟定可能的反应机理: 117.2 (1) k1 25.1 (2) k2 8.415.1 (3) k3 0.0 (4) k4总包反应产生HCl的生成速率:对活性中间体H、Cl应用稳态近似: (5) (6)(5)+(6)得: 代入(6)得: 则有: 则: ,其中 9、使用稳态近似推导复杂反应:的动力学方程,要求写出详细推导过程,并得到反应体系中各物种随时间的变化关系式。 解: 对 A2 稳态近似,得: 积分后,得: 第 5 页