2022年从句大全,推荐文档 .pdf

4同位语从句 是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。5定语从句 是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。（举例子说明）：主语从句在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.主语从句小结:（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。（2）连词位于句首不能省略。（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9）名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 13 页 -宾语从句定义宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于 及物动词后；Tell him which class you are in.Do you know what he likes？【注】宾语从句的分类：A、作动词的宾语：eg I heard the newsI 主语heard 谓语动词the news.名词作宾语I 主语heard 谓语动词that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语-宾语从句B、作介词的宾语：eg He said nothing about this plan。He 主语said 谓语动词nothing 代词作动词的宾语about 介词the plan.名词作介词的宾语折叠三要素语序宾语从句必须用陈述语序。False:He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right:He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.【注】否定前移，及完成反意问句；在 think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注：否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）I dont think you are right,are youI dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 13 页 -【注】在表示建议suggest,advise；要求 demand、desire、require、request、propose；决定 decide;命令order、command;坚决主张insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气）I suggested that you（should）study hardHe ordered that we should go out at once【注】如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it 作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置You may think it strange that he would live there折叠三要素连接词带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that 可省略，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how.1从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that 或将 that 省略，直接与主句相连。【注】that 常在以下情况下不能省略（1.当 that 作 learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时；（2当宾语从句较长时；（3当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；（4当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；（5当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that 可以省略，第二个that不可以省略；（6当宾语从句中的主语是this,that 或 this,that 做主语的定语时；（7当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；（8当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；（9当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；（10当宾语从句有it 做先行词时；（11在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 13 页 -2从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if 或 whether。在 whether or not 结构中不能用if 替换。【注】if/whether 区别if 和 whether 在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt 后的宾语从句常用whether.whether 后可以加 or not,但是 if 不可以.在不定式前只能用whether.如：I cant decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。避免歧异时，我们常用whether 而不用 if.3从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,why，who,how 等的疑问代、副词作连接词。当 who 为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他.折叠三要素时态1主句是一般现在时，从句现在时态不变。He says(that)he will leave a message on my desk.They know(that)he is working hard.2主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应还是过去时态。He answered that he was listening to me.3主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）4.当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不是定理。He told me that he was a boy.（虽然性别是客观存在的，但“男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第 4 种情况）Father told me that practice makes perfect.（所叙述的事实为一个定理，用一般现在时）名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 13 页 -折叠动词的宾语从句一般情况下大多数动词都可以带宾语从句We all expect that they will win,for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作#中，他都会帮忙的.部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有：make sure 确保make up one s mind 下决心keep in mind 牢记例句：Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.折叠 it 的宾语从句动词 find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it 做形式宾语而将 that 宾语从句后置.例句：I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I haven t been to the get-together.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 13 页 -We all find it important that we(should)make a quick decision about this matter.我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有：hate,take,owe,have,see to.I hate it when they speak with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine,you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it 代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.折叠介词的宾语从句用 wh-类的介词宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6 号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.用 that,if 引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides 三个介词后可见到that 引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 13 页 -对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知.折叠形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有：sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.折叠编辑本段同位语从句与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。同位语从句用法比较固定,把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：I heard the news that our team had won 我听到了我们队获胜的消息。I had no idea that you were here 我不知道你在这里。二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility 等。如：Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。三、英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词that，whether，连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：l have no idea When he will be back 我不知道他什么时候回来。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 13 页 -Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。1同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：The news that l have passed the exam is true 我通过了考试这一消息是真的。同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。2引导同位语从句的that 是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that 是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。that 在从句中不充当任何成份。The idea that he gave surprises many people 他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。that 在从句中作gave的宾语。一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。1)非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前Bruce Lee(姓名)李小龙Graf Schmidt(称号，浑名)施密特伯爵Doctor Wang(职称，头衔)王博士名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 13 页 -Uncel Liu(亲戚的称呼)刘叔叔die Stadt Shanghai(类属名称)上海市the Province Hebei(类属名称)河北省das Jahr 2000(类属名称)2000 年three Kilo tomato(度量名称)三公斤西红柿the University Bremen(专有名词)不来梅大学国际上另一种分法为关系从句关系从句（relative clause)关系从句的理解与翻译人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose 和关系副词when，where 等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句子就可能会被译为：肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以，例1 应译为：我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子，对语序的依赖性极大，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：此外，读者也许注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5 例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 13 页 -需在关系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复一下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句：He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,for they were unlike any people had ever known.这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed.(who when he)1906 年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。Dr.Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once.(who was though he was)白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.(whose eyes because its eyes)我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.(who if he)(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(that so that the Plan)此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 13 页 -以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系，意义上相当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11、12 两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全面的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思，尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。折叠编辑本段定语从句用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。引导定语从句的关联词有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和 which.在非限制定语从句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整个句子，多用which.例句：The dog that/which was lost has been found.失踪的狗已经找到了。Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。This is the reason why he refused to help us.这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country.他出生于 1976 年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us.他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。当引导定语从句的先行词前有all,any,no,little,much,very first 等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,everything时，从句的引导词只能用 that.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 13 页 -The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假？These are the very points that puzzle me.真正困扰我的是这些观点。Is there anything that bothers you?有什么事烦着你吗？This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。as 可做引导词引导定语从句，多和 such,the same 连用.As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头.例句：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的那一类人现在很少了。The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。介词+which/whom/whose从句The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。例题：Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact.a.where b.that c with which d as soon as名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 12 页，共 13 页 -代/名+介词+which 从句He is needing a book,the name of which I dont know.他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。同位语从句和定语从句The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。The news that you told me was really exciting.你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。难句：NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met.我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school.我记得早上，当他第一次来到学校。NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记和你一起度过的日子，我在农村度过的。NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair.他住的房间是保持良好使用状态。NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.馆长在地窖里找到一个地方使用作为他第一次在他的实验室。NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.以何种方式/这就是你回答了他所提出的问题令人钦佩名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 13 页，共 13 页 -