高考英语二轮专题语法复习语法系列虚拟语气.docx

虚拟语气(SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)一、三种语气简介语气(Mood)是表示讲话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气(Indicative Mood)、祈使语气(Imperative Mood) 和虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)。1.陈述语气表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来，或提出一种看法。例如：The windows look out onto thelake.这些窗户面向湖泊。The yellow leaves are whirling in the autumn wind.秋风中黄叶纷飞。You told me you loved me one morning in May.5月的一个清晨，你对我说你爱我。It's probably goingtosnowtomorrow.明天可能要下雪了。The moon is peeping through the window at the sleepless girl.明月皎洁透窗入，照见长夜不眠人。2.祈使语气表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。例如：Let us help you.我们来帮助你吧。Do drop in to see us.务必来坐坐。Keep off the grass.勿踏草地。Never trouble trouble unlesstrouble troubles you.勿惹麻烦，除非麻烦惹你。3.虚拟语气虚拟语气把动作当作一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当作客观现实中的真实事件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。例如：I wish I were a white cloud.但愿我是一片云。Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold.母亲要我穿上毛衣，以免着凉。A judicious man wouldn't do likethat.一个明智的人是不会那样做的。Not to be moved by the sight would require a heart of stone.除非铁石心肠，谁都会被那情景所感动。If it hadn't been raining,I would have gone to Chester's Restaurant asusual.要不是下雨，我本来会像平常一样，去切斯特饭店的。二、虚拟语气在条件句中的运用英语中的条件句一般分为两种：真实条件句(Real Conditionals)和非真实条件句 (UnrealConditionals)，虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中。非真实条件句包括虚拟条件句、推测条件句和错综时间条件句等。1.虚拟条件句虚拟条件句可分为两类：一类是叙述与现在事实相反的情况，一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况；另外还有一类用于推测将来的情况，也称作推测条件句，构成列表如下：条件从句 结果主句A式:If /we/you/he/she/it/they+动与现在 词过去式（be动词的过去式用 /we/you/he/she/it/they事实相反 would+动词原形B式：could+动词原形与过去 A式:If 1/we/you/he/she/it/theybad+过去分词 /we/you/he/she/it/they事实相反B式：could have+过去分词 would +have +过去分词A式，一般过去式与将来时间相反B式：were+不定式C式：should+动词原形 would/should+动词原形D式：could+动词原形主句中的would有时可换用should,could或might。1 与现在事实相反He wouldn't feel so cold if he were indoors.他要是在室内就不会觉得冷了。I am sorry I am very busy just now.If I had time,I would certainly go to the movies with you.我很抱歉，现在很忙。如果有时间，我肯定陪你去看电影了。If they treated me as a slave, I had to resign.要是他们把我当作奴隶对待，我就要辞职。If I knew the answer to all your questions,I would be a genius.我要是能回答你所有问题的话，我就是天才了。It would be convenient if we could will ourselves across lands andoceans.如果我们能随意让自己跨越大地海洋，那可就方便了。If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子们都有了坐骑。If its and ans were pots and pans, there'd beno workfortinkers'hand.任你想得溜溜圆，水中捞月空喜欢。If you could bear the loneliness. you might succeed.如果你耐得住寂寞，你会成功的。2 与过去事实相反If we hadn't made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful.如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadn't built so many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大损失了。We wouldn't have cooked it if we could have eaten it raw.如果我们能生吃的话，我们就不会煮了。3推测将来If he were here this evening, we would play cards.如果他今晚在这里的话，我们就玩牌。If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy.如果嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.要是我做这项工作，我会以不同的方式去做。If it should rain again,what else could I do?要是再下雨的话，我还能做什么呢？If she should know it,she would tell me.如果她知道那件事，她会告诉我的。(ButI doubt)If he should have enough money, he would buy it.要是他有足够的钱的话，他会买下它的。(ButIdoubt)Though he were to beg on his knees,I should still refuse.即使他跪下来求我，我也不会答应他的。If it were to be warm enough, we could go into the hills tomorrow.假如天气暖和的话，我们明天就到山里去。If it snowed(非真实条件常用形式) tomorrow,I should/would stay at home.如果明天下雨，我就待在家里。If it were to snow(可能性较小)tomorrow,I should/would stay athome.如果明天下雨，我就待在家里。If it should snow (可能性较大)tomorrow, I should/would stay athome.如果明天下雨，我就待在家里。【提示】在虚拟条件句中，当主语是第一人称(I)或第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，通常用were，也可用was，但在正式场合要用were，在IfI were you中要用were；省略if句子倒装时，只能用were；were的否定式可用were not或weren't。例如：If I were you, I would go withhim.如果我是你，我就同他一起去。If Peter were/was here, he would scold you.如果彼得在这里，他会责骂你的。Were I to do it, I would do it in a different way.要是让我做这件事，我会用不同的方式做。虚拟条件句中的谓语可用进行时，表示“如果····正在···”等，主句中的谓语仍用would(或might，should，could)，并可根据情况选用时态。例如：If we weren't living in the twenty- first century,people would think you were a sorcerer.要不是生活在21世纪的话，人们会认为你是个男巫的。If human beings were not killing each other, we could be living a happy life.要是人类不自相残杀的话，我们就会过上幸福生活。If you hadn't been studying so hard, you might have failed theexam.要是你不一直刻苦学习的话，你就可能会考试通不过。条件句通常放在主句前，但也可以放在主句后，有时也可放在句中。例如：你要是愿意同我结婚的话，所有的财产都是你的。If you would marry me, all the property would be yours.All the property would be yours if you would marry me.All the property, if you would marry me, would be yours.要是医生没有及时给他动手术的话，杰克就没命了。If the doctors hadn't operated on him timely, Jack would have died. Jack would have died if the doctors hadn't operatedonhimtimely.Jack, if the doctors hadn't operated on him timely, would have died.条件句中有were, had, should,could时，可以省略if，而把were，had， should, could放在主语前，用倒装结构，这种用法主要用于书面语中。例如：Were it necessary, I mightresign.如果需要的话，我可以辞职。Should I have time, I would call on her.我要是有时间就去看她。Shouldyou meet Mary, you would not be able to recognize her.要是你见到玛丽的话，你也会认不出她了。Had you informed me earlier,I wouldn't have signed the contract.要是你早些告诉我的话，我是不会签那份合同的。Were they to get married, they would be happy.要是他们结婚的话，他们会幸福的。Were he living happily,I would be very much astonished.要是他生活幸福的话，我会大为吃惊的。Had the forest still kept its gloom, it would have been bright in Hester's eyes.如果森林昏暗依旧的话，但在海丝特的眼里，仍是光明一片。Should I ever be in London,I should go to see your aunt.如果我有一天来到伦敦，我将会去看望你姑母。Should she not come,we should do it by ourselves.如果她不来，我们就自己做。Even were I careful as you are,I should not be able to avoid allmisspellings.即使我像你那样细心，我也不能避免所有的拼写错误。Were the sky to fall, we should catch larks.天塌下来，正好抓云雀。虚拟语气中的主句通常是陈述句，但也可以是疑问句、感叹句或祈使句。例如：If she had everything,would she be happy?如果她什么都有，她会幸福吗？(疑问句)If he had married Alice, how happy he would have been!他要是娶了艾丽斯的话，他该是多么幸福啊！(感叹句)If you were man enough, don't give up.如果你是个男子汉的话，就不要放弃。(祈使句)If you should need help,please tell me.如果你需要帮助，就请告诉我。(祈使句)“could have+过去分词”也可用于虚拟条件句中，这时的could是情态动词，表示“能够”，相当于hadbeen able to.。例如：If I could have earned enough money,I should have travelled over the world.要是我挣的钱足够多的话，我就会周游世界了。If you could have prevented mistakes,you might have been moresuccessful.如果你能避免错误的话，你会更加成功的。【提示】在同一个句子中，不能一部分表示真实条件，另一部分表示非真实条件，不然就会破坏句子的一致性。例如：如果他在这里，他就不会让事情这样了结。If he is here, he would not let the matter end this way.×If he were here,he would not let the matter end this way.V如果我有那本书，我就会借给你。If I had the book,I will lend it to you.XIf I had the book,I should lend it to you.如果她来，就会告诉你。If she comes, she would tell you.×If she comes, she will tell you. v2虚拟条件从句中不用would。例如：要是他昨天来的话，我会告诉他的。If he would have come yesterday, I should have told him.×If he had come yesterday, I should have told him.但如果表示有某种愿望，条件从句也可用would，相当于be willingto，常表示说话人不相信主语有这种愿望。例如：If she would do it for me, I should be very much obliged.要是她愿意为我做那件事，我将非常感激。(But I know she will not be willing to do it for me.)If he would lend me the money, I would buy a car.要是他愿意借钱给我，我就买一辆车。(But I know he will not be willing to)If you would, you could.要是你愿意的话，你能够。2.错综时间条件句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be wet now.如果我早上出门时带了伞，现在就不会淋湿了。(过去现在)If you had spoken to him last time you saw him,you would know what to do now.如果你上次看到他时跟他说一下，现在就知道怎么做了。(过去现在)If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.如果我是你，我就不会错过昨晚那部电影。(现在过去)If the criminal were honest,he would have made a clean breast of the whole thing long ago.要是这个罪犯(一贯)老实的话，他(过去)早该彻底交代他的罪行了。(现在过去)If the ship had left at noon it would be passing through the canalnow.船要是在中午起航的话，此刻该通过这条运河了。(过去现在进行)If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.要是他们一大早就离开家的话，再过半个小时就该到了。(过去将来)If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future.如果你此刻犹豫不决的话，你以后会吃苦头的。(现在将来)If Mary should arrive today, she must have started three days ago.如果玛丽今天到达的话，那她一定在三天前就动身了。(将来过去)If I were rich, I would have bought the villa last year.要是我有钱，我去年会买那幢别墅的。If they had not been working hard in the past few months, the crops would not be growing so wellnow.要不是他们过去几个月中的辛勤耕作，庄稼现在不会长得这么好。If my grandmother were alive, she would be 100 next year.要是我祖母现在还健在的话，她明年就100岁了。【提示】如果条件句作宾语从句，其动词形式不受主句谓语动词的影响。例如：I often tell her that if she had made another try, she might have been successful.我经常同她说，要是她再试一次的话，她可能会成功了。(过去)I will tell her that if she would/ were to make another try, she might be successful.我将告诉她，如果她再试一次的话，她可能会成功的。(将来)I have told her that if she made another try, she might be successful.我对她说过，要是她再试一次的话，她可能会成功的。(现在)3.A wise man wouldn'thave done that无“条件”的虚拟语气句子这里的所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if或I wish等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、形容词、名词、代词、连词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来，用的是跳层或间接的方式。表示无“条件”的词有with, without, or, but, otherwise, even, but for, in case of,what if(如果······将如何)等。这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。例如：But for your help we couldn't have succeeded.要不是你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。They wouldn't have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.没有共同立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。上面两句中的but for和without可以用If it were not for来代替。She wasn't feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn't have left the meeting so early.她感到不舒服，不然她不会那么早离开会场的。(连词，=or, or else)She said she would have come to the party, only she had an urgent matter to attend to. (连词)Under such circumstances I would probably have done the same.在这样的情况下，我也可能做出同样的事情来。(介词短语)I would do so in your place.假如我处于你的位置，我会那样做的。(介词短语)With better equipment, we could have done it better.(介词短语)What would he not give for it?要是能得到它，他什么不愿意给？(=ifhe could get it)(介词短语)Doing your best,you would be scolded all the same.你即使好好干也总是受到责备。(介词短语，=If you did your best)More measures would have been taken to get better results.要取得更好的结果，就要采取更多的措施。(不定式短语，=if they had wanted to get better results)Given more time, we would do it better.再给些时间，我们会做得更好。(分词短语)Left to himself, he would get lost in the woods.不管他的话，他会在森林里迷路。(分词短语，=if he were left to himself)Cooked a little longer, the meat would be more delicious.再多烧一会儿，肉会更香。(分词短语)A gentleman wouldn't have saidso.一位绅士是不会那样说话的。(名词，=if he had been a gentleman) Your refusal would make himsad.你的拒绝会使他悲伤的。(名词，=if you should refuse)With all the world to rule, he would not be content.即使全世界都归他统治，他也不会满足。I wouldn't be deceived so easily.我是不会这么轻易受骗的。(代词，=if I were you)The least error would spoil the secret plan.即便最小的差错都会毁掉这个秘密计划。A nation, which often got into political troubles, would never makeprogress.一个经常陷于政治斗争的国家很难取得进步。(定语从句，=if it often got into political troubles)What would people say about him,whose wife should take bribes?要是他的妻子接受贿赂的话，人们会怎样说他呢？(定语从句)A man would be blind not to see that difficulty.连那个困难都看不见的人一定是瞎了眼。(不定式短语)To talk with him, you would know he is a frank man.同他谈话，你就会知道他是个坦率的人。(不定式短语)To have studied harder, you would have passed the exam.学习更刻苦些的话，你本来会通过考试的。(不定式完成式，=If you had.)Failing this, what would youdo?要是这个做不成，你要怎么办？(分词短语，=If you failed this.)The same thing, happening in war time, would amount to disaster.同样的事情要是发生在战时就会导致灾难。(分词短语)On being shown this book,no one would believe that it was written by a ten-year girl.看到这本书，谁都不会相信是一个10岁的女孩写的。(介词+动名词)A man who stopped working would amount to nothing.一个不做事的人将会一事无成。(定语从句)He would be a foolish man who should venture that.冒险做那个的人会是个傻子。(定语从句)Give him an inch and he would want a foot.他得寸进尺。(祈使句)In the absence of the keeper,the house would have been burned down.要是看守不在的话，这房子就会被烧毁。(介词短语)It would be wrong not to take this matter into consideration.不考虑这件事将是错误的。(=If you did not take.)A true friend wouldn't have doneso.真正的朋友是不会那样做的。(=If he had been.)A judicious man would not have committed suicide.明智的人是不会自杀的。(=If he had been.)They would have paid attention to a nice girl.要是一个漂亮女孩，他们会注意的。(=If she had been.) Not to be moved by it would require a heart of stone.对此无动于衷会是铁石心肠。Anyone seeing themtogether might think that they are twin sisters.任何看见她们在一起的人都会认为她们是孪生姐妹。Ordinarily, he would have flown into rage.通常情况下，他会大发雷霆的。Whipping would be too good for the wicked man.鞭打对于一个恶人可就太便宜了。Any man who should do that would be laughed at.谁那样做都会受人嘲笑。Don't bother to read all those papers.It would take too long.不要费事看那些文件了，那会太花时间。(=If you read all those papers.)Only for your help, I should have failed.要不是你帮忙，我早就失败了。But for hope, life would beshort.如果没有希望，人生苦短。A day without hope would be unimaginably pale.没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。I would have gone, only youobjected.要不是你反对，我早就去了。The white fog floated around them.High in the sky, it would have been a cloud.白蒙蒙的水雾在他们身边飘绕。如果是在天上，这就是云。To have told him the fact would have given me away.如果把真相告诉他，当时就会把我断送了。It might have happened on another occasion.再有这种情况，事情也许会发生了。An earlier launch of the lifeboats might have averted the tragedy.假如早一些把救生艇放下去，可能就避免这场悲剧了。He would have done anything to make amends.若能弥补过错，他是什么都愿意做的。The dish would have been better with a bit less salt.少放些盐，这菜会更可口的。I didn't press the point asit would have been useless.我没坚持这一点，坚持大概也无用。Myself, I wouldn't do such athing.我自己是不会做这种事的。I might seethe managerpersonally.It would be better.我可以亲自见一下经理，这样会好一些。I would have come earlier, but the car broke down on the way.我本可来得更早的，但车子在路上抛锚了。Neglecting thiswould causetrouble.忽略这一点就会造成麻烦。比较：要不是她的指导，我们会失败的。But for her guidance, we shouldfail.(同现在事实相反)But for her guidance, we should have failed.(同过去事实相反)4.含蓄条件句有些句子中，没有任何表示虚拟语气的词、短语或从句，但仍要用虚拟语气。这时，要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐含在上下文中，称为含蓄条件句(ImpliedConditionals)。参照上文。例如：I would do anything for her.我什么都会为她做的。(ifI could)You might have failed.你本来会失败的。(if you made less efforts)She should have died.她本来会丧命的。(if she had taken that bus)Even stones would shed tears.即便石头也会落泪的。(to hear the sadstory)It would do you no good.它对你没有好处。(if you should give up the job)She mighthave refused toanswer.她可能会拒绝回答的。(ifyou had asked her)We could have won the battle.我们本可以赢得这场战斗的。(but we were impatient)We would have made a lot ofmoney.我们本可以赚很多钱的。(butwe gave up halfway)Such mistakes could have beenavoided.这样的错误本可以避免的。(if one had been more careful)She would have acted as you did.她本会如你那样行事的。(if she were you)Heaven would cryattheirsufferings.老天爷也会为他们的苦难哭泣。(if it were able to see their sufferings)【提示】but/except+表示条件的结构：would+动词原形+but/except+现在时陈述句(陈述语气)表示同现在事实相反的假设would have+过去分词+but/except+过去时陈述句(陈述语气)表示同过去事实相反的假设I would have gone with her but I was too busy.要不是太忙，我会同她一起去的。I would go but it's too far.我想去的，只是路太远了。比较下面两句：She would have come to see you but she was ill that day.She would have come to see you but that she was ill that day.要是那天她没生病，她就来看你了。第一句中的but是并列连词，引导的是并列句，but意为“但是”；第二句中的but是介词，意为“除去”，引导条件状语从句。but既可以表示虚拟条件，也可以表示真实条件，但but that通常只表示虚拟条件。例如：It never rains but it pours.不雨则已，一雨倾盆。She would have bought the book but that she had no money then.要不是当时没有钱，她会买下那本书的。but that结构可以放在句首，并可转换为“butfor+名词”结构，而but则不可。例如：But that I saw it,I couldn't have