大学英语-翻译课件-分译法(2).ppt

,【译论专题】 分译法在英译汉中的应用,英汉两种语言的表达方式在很多地方大相径庭。英语常常用一个词或短语表达一层意思，而汉语一般用包含动词的小句表达一层意思。英语里状语大多在动词后面，后置定语用的很多，有关系代词、关系副词、分词和像that那样可以引导多种从句的连词，因而一句话里常常是一个从句（或短语）套一个从句（或短语），一连套许多从句（或短语），可仍然层次分明，逻辑清楚，而汉语则往往用若干小句表达一句话的意思。,从句法上看，在翻译时，我们可以把英语的一句话中的一个词、一个短语或一个从句译成汉语中的几个词或几个短句，同时可以把这句话中的主语、谓语、定语、状语等成分译成汉语中的不同成分。这种译法称之为分译法（Division）。分译法不仅可用于拆译长句，也可用于拆译短语，甚至可以拆译单词。,一、 单词分译 单词分译，就是将句中的某一个单词分译开来。这类分译又可以分为五类： 1.单词词义分译 英语有些单词的语义呈综合型，即一个词内集合了几个语义成分。译成汉语时，不易找到合适的对等词，很难将其词义一下全部表达出来。这种情况下，汉译可采用分析型，即“扩展”型的方法分析原语，将其语义成分分布到几个不同的词语上，例如：,1) She inspected the table for dust with her finger. 她用手指抹抹桌子，看看有没有灰尘。 此句中inspected 分作三处译出，即“抹抹”、“看看”和“有没有”。这种把词意分作几处译出的优点是，既能把原意译透，又能保持译文的通顺。 2) She twirled mechanically a ribbon of her cap around one of her fingers. 她老是把帽子上的一条缎带在一个手指上绕过来，绕过去。 此句中mechanically 也分作三处译出，即“老是”，绕“过来”，绕“过去”，使意义十分生动。 3) That little pink-faced chit Amelia with not half any sense, has ten thousand pounds and an establishment secure. 爱米丽亚那粉红脸儿的小不点儿，还没有我一半懂事，倒有一万镑财产，住宅家具奴仆一应俱全。 此句中establishment 是指“具有众多仆人的大家庭”，当然还包括住宅、家具等，故将此词分译成三个概念，使意义更加明了。,2.单词搭配分译 英语中有些词语间的搭配关系，汉译时要打破原文的结构，按照汉语习惯，将有关词语分别译出。例如： 1) She treated that lady with every demonstration of cool respect. 她对于那位夫人不冷不热，不错规矩。 2) She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. 她心地善良，待人和气，性格温柔，举止高雅，为人大方。 此句中heart 一词被译为心地、待人、性格、举止、和为人五个词，再与它前边五个形容词搭配。,单词搭配分译一般可细分为： (1)主谓搭配分译 1)The town boasts a beautiful lake. 镇上有个美丽的湖，人人以此为自豪。 2）His wealth enables him to do everything. 他有钱，什么事都能干。 （2）动宾搭配分译 1）But his armies had outrun their supplies. 但是他的军队前进太快，给养供应不上。 2）I always avoid the temptation to exalt the personality; I limit myself to observing him. 我总是克制自己，不去拔高这个人物，而只限于对他进行观察。,（3） 定语与中心词的搭配分译 1）His announcement got a mixed reaction. 他的声明引起了反应，不过有好有坏。 2) She had seen the dictionary, flying over the pavement of little garden, fell at length at the feet of the astonished Miss Jemima. 她眼看字典飞过花园的甬道，最后掉在吉米玛小姐的脚边，吓了她一大跳。 (4)状语与中心词的搭配分译 1）I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch or the rough a shaggy bark of a pine. 我抚摸着白桦光滑的树表或松树粗糙扎手的树皮，久久爱不释手。 2）They relentlessly tear at the flowers they see. 他们见花就摘，毫不爱惜。,3.灵活对等分译 英语中有些单词，如果按其在句中的位置机械地译成汉语，往往容易造成意义不够明 确，遇到这类情况，应采用灵活对等分译，不拘泥于形式对应，尽量使译文读者对译文的反应等值于原文读者对原文的反应。例如： Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself. 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美丽的未来。 如果逐字译成“我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着未来”，并不能算错，但意思却不甚明了，因为“浪漫”一词在汉语里含意较多。此处为“想入非非”，所以分译成“一脑袋幻想”较为明确。既突出了人物性格，又避免了翻译腔。,4.突出语言重点 有时逐字翻译虽然也能使语句通顺，但都不如分译更能传达句内所含的语义重点。例如： there was in the old library at Queens Crawley a considerable provision of works of light literature of the last century, both in the French and English languages 在女王的克劳莱大厦的书房里，有不少18世纪的文学作品，有英文的，也有法文的，都是些轻松的读物,5.修辞需要词语分译 有时将单词分译是为了达到某种修辞效果，如： 1) And in their disputes she always returned to this point, “Get me a situation we hate each other, and I am ready to go.” 从此以后他们每拌一次嘴，她就回到老题目，说道：“给我找个事情，反正咱们你恨我我嫌你，我愿意走。” 此句中一个hate 分译成“恨”与“嫌”两个字，使得译笔生动，读者似乎如见其人， 如闻其声。又如： 2) Not that the parting speech caused Amelia philosophize, or that it aimed her in any way with a calmness, the result of argument, 倒并不是（平克顿小姐的）临别赠言使爱米丽亚想的通丢的开，因此心平气和，镇静下来 此句将philosophize 分译成“想的通”“丢的开”，将calmness 分译成“心平气和”“镇静下来”，从而摆脱了字典释意的束缚，使用恰当的译文再现了原文的特色，并做到了结构匀称，声调和谐，保持了原文的神韵和风姿。,二. 短语分译 短语分译与单词分译一样，也可分为词义分译与结构分译两大类。 1.短语词义分译 某些短语词义同单词词义一样，也无法在一处译透，而需要分作几处译出。 例如： 1) I could not venture to approach her, or to communicate with her in writing, for my sense of the peril in which her life was passed was only to be equaled by my fear of increasing it. 我不敢贸然接近她，也不敢贸然跟她通信，因为我一方面深知她的处境十分危险，一方面又深怕这样做会增加她的危险。,2) He manages “the development of presidential diplomacy,” it wrote, “while creating the illusion that he is a fulltime permanent floating cocktail party guest of honor.” 它（纽约时报）写道：“他明里装得好象成天只知泡在鸡尾酒会上的贵宾中，暗里却在开展总统外交。” 以上两个例句中的短语to be equaled by 和creating the illusion 都无法在一处译透，而需要分作两处译出。它们分别是：“一方面”、“一方面”即“明里”、“暗里”。,2.短语结构分译 英语常用短语作修饰语，而汉语常用短句。遇到这类情况，可在短语结构松散处断开。例如： 1) She lay reclined on a sofa by the fireside, and with her darlings about her. 她斜靠在炉边的沙发上，心爱的儿女都围在她身边。 2) They were very frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way. 他们相互十分坦率，而且直言不讳，但气氛却十分轻松。,三、单句分译 有时，分译要从整个句子着眼，这样得分译叫单句分译。单句分译也可分为两种： 1.结构分译 英语有些句子的结构十分奇特，其主、谓、宾汉译时无法对号入座。这时应从整个句子着手，打散整个结构，重新分译。例如： 1) “His discourse”, says Speidel, “became lost in fantastic digressions”. 斯派达尔后来说：“他（希特勒）讲得越来越离题，越来越离奇，最后不知讲到哪里去了”。 2) What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality, power and range. 他的诗形象生动，独具一格，而且气势磅礴，题材广泛。这是显而易见的。,2.语义分译 有时，英语句中的某一部分，汉译时从词义来看，与其放在原句，倒不如放在下一句中更合适。这时，可把有关部分放到译文的另一个句子里。例如： 1) She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. 她常提到她在意大利碰到一位老先生的事。她见他愁容满面就问起他闷闷不乐的原因。他说那是因为他刚同两个孙孙分手才这样的。 2) I cannot say of myself what Johnson said of Pope: “He never passed a fault unamended by indifference, nor quitted it by despair.” I do not write as I want to; I write as I can. 约翰逊博士谈到蒲伯时说过：“他对文字的毛病总要竭力修改，决不放任自流，也决不因无能为力而善罢甘休。”这种说法用在我身上可不合适，因为我写东西不能随心所欲，而只能尽力而为。 上面两个例句中的who was looking very sad 和 I cannot say of myself what 都从上一句分译到下一句。这种分译的目的是为了使译文更加紧凑。,四、长句分译 英语中有的单句不亚于复句，较长，也较复杂；不讲究翻译技巧很难把他们译好。这类长句往往含若干短语和其它修饰语，汉译时宜采取“化整为零”的办法，把其中意思相对独立的尽量译成汉语分句，并按意思或用语法手段把他们组织起来。这样，译文就会层次清楚，语句简洁。请看下面的译例： 1) Care shall be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp. 应经常注意保护仪器，勿使沾染尘土，勿使受潮。（把不定式to protect 译成两个分句。） 2) The tube consists of a short copper section followed by a longer steel section with a flange at the end. 管子由两段组成：前段短，是铜的；后段较长，是钢的，末端带法兰。（把介词of 短语译成五个分句。）,3） All these features combine to make the Type 55 drawworks a very rugged and compact piece of machinery for easy handling, smooth operation and minimum maintenance. 这些特点综合起来使55型绞车成为非常坚实和紧凑的机器，移运方便，操作平稳，维护保养工作量最少。（把介词for 短语译成含三个分句的独立句。） 4） The fabricating service of our company is based on abundant experience accumulated in over 100 years of designing and manufacturing complete process plants or unit process equipment for the chemical and petroleum industries. 一百多年来，我公司在设计和制造化学和石油工业用成套工艺装置或单一工艺设备方面积累了丰富经验。我们的加工装配服务就是根据这些经验进行的。（把过去分词accumulated 短语分译成句子。） 5） A special, patented valve cover design permits all the securing bolts to be tightened equally with the prescribed tension without effort. 阀盖结构特殊，享有专利权；不用费力就能将所有固定螺栓均匀拧紧，达到规定的拉力。（把形容词special 和作定语的过去分词patented 以及with短语均译成分句。）,6）The petals are assembled to form the head, six, eight or ten often being employed, with a crown plate or nozzle opening in the center, and welded together either by hand or automatically. 封头由分瓣组成。分瓣数常为六、八、十块不等，用手工焊或自动焊拚焊在一起，中央再焊接顶板或留作接管开孔。（把独立结构sixbeing employed, with 短语及分词短语welded together译成三个分句。） 7）He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended his arduous labors. 他访问了许多地方，到处受到热情的欢迎。它的艰苦努力是经常受到热情欢迎的。 （这一句不长，但由于后面跟了一个which引导的从句，比较难以安排。如果保持英文原来那样完整的句子不变，得到的译文将是“到处受到对他的艰苦努力所一贯表示的欢迎”，读起来就非常拗口。）,8）Intellectually emancipated at a time when women of good family were not encouraged to do anything more ambitious than dabble in the arts, she became the editor of a review entitled “Modern Woman” in which she was bold enough to publish essays by the revolutionaries. 当时，有教养的人家对于女子至多不过让他们对艺术稍事涉猎，并不鼓励他们做比此更有抱负的事情。但她不受旧思想的约束，担任了一家名叫现代妇女杂志的编辑。她大胆地在这个刊物上发表革命志士的文章。 （这一长句的主要部分是She became the editor,前呼后拥，有一大串文字相联。翻译时只得将其拆成三句。第一句交待背景。第二句以原文主句为基础，谈最主要的内容。第三句是进一步说明情况。这样，层次分明，文字也较流畅。）,五、定语从句的分译 有些定语从句较长，结构复杂，或意思上独立性较强，在逻辑意义上有追叙、分层叙述、转折等作用。 1) There are 107 elements found in nature, most of which (= and most of them) are metals. 自然界发现的元素有107种，其中大部分是金属。 2) Kissinger and his small group of aids toured the Forbidden City, where (= and there) the Chinese emperors once lived in lofty splendor. 基辛格和他的一小组随从参观了故宫，从前的中国皇帝曾在这故宫过着奢华显赫的生活。 3) World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which (= and this war) was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of market, resources and territories. 第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战比第一次更复杂。（译文中从句前置层次才清楚。） 4) The simplest atom is the hydrogen atom that consists of one proton and one electron, as (or which) has been known to all (= and this has been known to all). 大家都知道，最简单的原子是氢原子，它只包含一个质子和一个中子。（原文中as或which代表整个主句的意义，译文中要前置，层次才清楚。）,5) Matter is composed of molecules that (= but they) are composed of atoms. 物质由分子组成，而分子却是由原子组成的。（限制性定语从句，译文中含转折意义） 综上所述，有几点值得注意： a. 英语定语从句位置不管在句首、句末，在汉语译文中注意层次（如例3、4）。 b. 这一类型的定语从句经常是译成引申意义的分句，相当于把关系词变成and + 代词（或副词），但有时含有转折意义（如例5中that = but they）。 c. 一般说来，非限制性定语从句往往可译成并列分句，但限制性定语从句也有这种译法（如例5）。 英语定语从句，有些在逻辑意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、目的、假设等关系。翻译时应找出这种暗含的逻辑含义，然后译成汉语的相应分句。,1) A cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes = because its eyes) 由于猫眼比人眼能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里能看得很清楚。（译成表示原因的分句） 2) There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(that = so that the plan) 这个方案富于创造性，独具匠心，很有魄力，所以使他们都很喜欢。（译成表示结果的分句） 3) Chinese delegations have been sent to European countries, who will negociate trade agreement with the respective governments.(who will= that they will) 中国已派出代表团前往欧洲各国，以便与各国政府谈判贸易协议。（译成表示目的的分句） 4) Nothing is hard in this world for anyone who dares to scale the height.(who dares= if he dares) 世上无难事，只要肯攀登。（译成表示条件的分句）,5) Dr. Bethume, who was very tired on his arrival, set to work at once.(who was= though he was) 白求恩大夫虽然到达时很累，但立即开始工作。（译成表示让步的分句） 6) I had the honor of seeing Vice Premier Chen Yi, who visited Kaifeng in 1958.(who= when he) 1958年陈毅副总理访问开封时，我荣幸地见到他。（译成表示时间的分句） 综合上述可知，英语定语从句（主要是非限制性定语从句）往往侵入状语从句范围，如果翻译时忽视这一点，就会破坏原文的修辞效果。,六、应用分译法的几个注意点 分译时，精心安排译文的语序是很要紧的，其具体做法可归纳为四个字：顺，逆，抽，调。例如： 1.顺原文语序分译 Not until 1632 did Europeans find a successful treatment for the disease, when the Spanish discoverers of the New World learned from the Indians of Peru that the bark of one of the trees growing there often ended a patients attack of malaria. 直到1632年，欧洲人才找到这种病（指疟疾）的成功疗法。这一年，发现新大陆的西班牙人从秘鲁的印第安人那里了解到当地的一种树皮常能治愈病人的疟疾发作。,2.逆原文语序分译 More complete and accurate reporting of dengue haemorrhagic fever was recommended by a technical advisory group which met in the WHO Region Office for the Western Pacific in Manila from 6 to 8 December 1978. 1978年12月6日到8日，在马尼拉召开的世界卫生组织西太平洋地区办事处会议上，一个技术顾问组就登革出血热问题作了较为全面而且精辟的发言。,3.抽拆原文中间成分作为译文的句首 Give fluid orally or parenterally as necessary to prevent dehydration. 必要时，口服或不经肠道补给液体，以防止脱水。 4.穿插分译，综合调整译文语序 Despite the impressive laboratory and other research facilities at IARCs modern 14-story headquarters on the outskirts of Lyons, only a fraction of the 32 scientists, 42 technicians and staff of 60 representing more than 20 countries can be found there at any given time. The rest are out in the field conducting epidemiological studies on five continents. IARC (国际癌症研究机构)总部设在里昂近郊，是一幢十四层高的现代化大厦。虽然它拥有给人印象深刻的实验室和其它各种科研设施，但不管在任何时候，你在那里都只能看到代表20多个国家的32名科学家、42名技术人员和60名职员中的一部分。其它人员都在五大洲实地进行流行病学研究。,七. 分译时应遵循以下两个原则 1. 当分则分，当合则合，不可硬行拆分，否则效果不好。例如： To cure cancer, it is , however, necessary for the medical personnel as well as the patients first to criticize the erroneous idealist view that regards malignancy as “incurable” so as to build up confidence in fighting and eradicating cancer and gain better therapeutic results. 原译：治疗癌症，必须首先在医务人员和病人中批判错误的唯心主义观点，即：把癌症视为“不治之症”的观点，以树立信心，战胜和消灭癌症，并取得更好的疗效。 原译者将原文中that regards malignancy as “incurable” 和in fighting and eradicating cancer这两个成分进行了分译。从汉语的习惯来看，这种分译反而使译文在语气上有些不连贯，结构上也有点松散，因此不如不分译为好。试改译如下： 治疗癌症，首先必须在医务人员和病人中批判那种视癌症为“不治之症”的错误的唯心主义观点，以便帮助人们树立战胜和消灭癌症的信心，争取更好的疗效。,2. 正确把握始分点，严格按汉语的表达习惯来组织句子，否则，可能造成译文结构紊乱。例如： The World Health Organization is helping national governments to get rid of malaria before resistance among the mosquito population becomes so great that new poisons will have to be found to replace those in use at present. 原译：世界卫生组织正在帮助一些国家政府，争取在蚊子的抗药性变得过大之前把疟疾扑灭，以致将来不得不寻找新的杀虫药来代替目前正在使用的药物。 原译文采用的基本是顺分的手法，译者将so great that这个习惯搭配进行了分译，致使译文有些前后矛盾，既然“在之前”已把疟疾扑灭，何需待将来再去寻找新的杀虫药。如果将始分点定在before resistance这里，先叙述蚊子的抗药性，再提出全句的其它成分，或许会更好些，试改译为： 蚊子的抗药性正日益增大，以致将来不得不寻找新的杀虫药来代替目前正在使用的药物，世界卫生组织正在帮助一些国家政府，力图在此之前把疟疾消灭。,The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their achievements in aviation industry. He is an active student, but he was uncharacteristically listless in class today. Those Chinese scientists in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements.,She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart that she was loved and respected by her students. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. He had to quit the position and went into exile, having been deprived of his power. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. It (the Peoples Republic of China) must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future; who believe in man and his glorious man-made destiny.,