2012年高考英语完形填空考点预测.doc
2012年高考英语完形填空考点预测一、猜题思路分析从近三年来全国及各省高考英语试卷“完形填空”试题的命制,基本上遵循了“突出语篇,强调应用,注重实际”的设计思路。试题特点鲜明“考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇知识的掌握情况”,即要求考生通读短文,掌握文章大意,综合运用所学的词汇、语法等知识,从试题所提供的词汇、短语中判断出使短文意思通顺、结构完整的词汇或短语,在语篇中考查学生的语言知识灵活运用能力。完形的选材通常是记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章,内容情节深刻,常涉及人物心理活动方面的细致描写,篇章与句子结构变化丰富,文章内容健康、时尚,将知识、文化、教育、趣味融为一体,即:时代感突出,生活化明显,寓教于乐。2011年的完形填空将会继续朝着语言交际化、情景生活化、词汇运用灵活化的方向发展。二、完形填空的命题特点完形填空是一种测试学生语言水平和实际运用语言能力的综合性题型,它要求学生掌握词汇知识,习惯用语,语法知识,句法结构,而且要有一定的语篇领悟能力,逻辑思维能力和语言感悟能力,是综合了现行的单选和阅读的考查,特别强调对语篇及上下文的理解和应用。(一)完形填空所考查的能力:词汇(词的基本用法、词的搭配和习惯用语、同义词/近义词/形似词的区分)语法(句型结构分析)阅读理解能力(快速阅读、找中心句和理顺文章结构)推理、分析、判断、归纳概括能力背景知识和生活常识(二)完形填空的命题特点1高考完形填空试题材料的词汇量比以前有所增加,文章的难度也相应增大,考查由局部理解向整体理解转移,增加了语篇理解的试题,设问角度突出考查对上下文乃至全篇的理解。2试题考查点减少了单句层次的试题,淡化语法,而被情景选择所取代。3文章体裁仍以记叙文或夹叙夹议为主,选材体现时代性、思想健康。在设空方面以实词为主,其中以动词、名词、形容词、副词为核心,另外,选项具有有效性和干扰性,充分体现语言知识灵活运用的特征。4对民族文化和语言背景知识的考查加大。三、完形填空解题步骤在把握整篇文章的基础上对句子内部的情况进行分析。1.必读首尾句,预测主题,判断文体完形填空短文无标题,首句不设空,所以要必读首句。另外,学生还要认真读第二段的首句,第一段的尾句及整篇文章的尾句(文章的主题句有时在第二自然段的句首,有时在第一自然段的句尾或整篇文章的句尾)。记叙文:首句交待4个W(when, where, who , what);说明文:首句提出/解释说明某事物;议论文:首句提出一个论点;2.跳读全文,领会大意借助首尾句提示,跳过空格,快速把短文从头至尾读一遍,进一步从整体上理解短文大意。3.通读全文,试选答案抓住上下文内容联系和逻辑关系,把所给4个选项分别放入空格所在句子中试填,弄清空格处待填的是什么词,起何作用,同时注意习惯表达及语法知识。4.细读全文,推敲难题根据常识,运用逻辑推理,结合语境和已选答案提供的信息,对难的备选项仔细推敲。如实在难以确定,采用“排除法”,首先排除在语法/内容上明显不符合要求的答案,再对剩下的选项比较。5.复读全文,调整答案把所填的答案代入空格,检查所选答案是否能使文章上下连贯,前后照应,逻辑合理(对于模棱两可的答案,最好尊重第一印象,不改动为好;实在不能解决的空格,只能凭语感来选择)。四、完形填空解题方法及备考策略(一)词汇知识的运用(各类词的用法及搭配、词语辨析)1.动词1)动词的结构功能(vi./vt./linkv., 接什么样的宾语,能否接复合宾语,接什么样的复合宾语)eg.But by using literary texts alongside other texts, teachers can _ 42 students improve their reading skills.A. force B. help C. get D. wish析:选【B】。只有help 可接help sb.do sth.2)分析上下文情景,注意词汇与话题的同现结构是为意思服务的,在完形填空中大部分选项只看动词的结构功能是很难判断的,所以要分析上下文情景。eg.Father:“Kate and John, a friend of mine is coming here to see me this evening, and I wish to be with him. Will you go up to your own room?” We _,went to our room and closed the door.A. punished B. trembled C. obeyed D. replied析:【C】上文父亲吩咐她们上楼到自己的房间去,她们去了,说明按父亲的吩咐做了,所以选C。2代词(不定代词/指示代词; 人称代词/物主代词/反身代词/疑问代词/关系代词/相互代词等)1)不定代词(some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, no one, one, none, something, anything, nothing ; all, every, each, other, either, neither, both, half, everybody, everyone, everything ; many, much, few, little, a few等)2)指示代词(that, this, these, those, such ,same, so)one 代C 泛指,指非限定的一个;可代人/物that 代C 特指;不可代人;代Uthis 近指,后指that 远指,前指3)_ is the sports programme. 开始体育节目。4)_ is the end of the news. 新闻到此结束。Keys: 3)This ; 4)That3.名词/形容词/副词/介词(依上下文语义/语境要求,搭配,话题来选)4.同义词/近义词/形似词1)词的搭配能力(rise/raise, hope/wish)如:demand (of sb.) to do sth. ; pick ones pocket;request/require sb. to do sth.; rob sb. of sth. ; steal sth. from sb.2)单词的适用范围/场合如:voice/sound/noise; defend/protect/guard ,ask/beg,kill/murder等3)单词的感情色彩如:die 中性词,pass away 表示对死者的尊敬4)过程与结果的不同look for/search 重过程; find/discover 重结果5)区分结构类似而意思不同的表达法如:be used to do sth./be used to doing sth./used do sth.;take place/take ones place/take the place of;cant help do sth./cant help doing sth./cant help but do sth.6)注意有意识与无意识如:notice:表无意识行为,observe/watch/see 表有意识行为5.词语的搭配1)动词的搭配(do 和make的搭配能力较强,要常记,记牢,记熟)do(a job, work, shopping, cooking, reading, typing, sewing, good, wrong, damage, harm, a favor, an injury, etc.)make(a study, an appointment, arrangements, a breakthrough, a call, a comparison, contribution, a deal, a decision, a discovery, distinctionn, a guess, preparations, a start, a survey, an attempt, an error, a profit, a fortune, a living, ones way, sense, point, peace, bed, coffee, a fuss, etc.)2)名词的搭配形容词与名词的搭配有的具有一定的文化背景,学生要注意“貌合神离”的词语。如:lucky dog"幸运儿" right hand"得力助手";narrow escape"死里逃生" dark horse"出人意料的获胜者"3)形容词的搭配有些形容词可以加一个形容词修饰,表示强调,使表达更加生动。常见的有:pitch dark(漆黑的), brand new (崭新的),crystal clear(水晶般的),wide open(张得大大的), fast asleep(睡得很熟的), wide awake(完全醒着的), icy cold(冰冷的), etc.有些形容词可以和不同的介词搭配,学生应注意比较、归纳。如:sick for "渴望" tired from"因而疲劳" engaged in "忙于"sick of "厌倦" tired of "对厌倦" engaged to "与某人订婚"(二)篇章技巧的运用一个完整的语篇,一篇内容充实、结构合理、行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法,更多的是篇章结构技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文,学生在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。1复现“词汇的复现”是指某一词以原词、同义词/近义词、反义词、同源词、概括词(总分关系)以及其他形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义是使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯,从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。eg.First of all he was a window-cleaner and in his first week he managed to _ six windows.A. rub B. drop C. break D. clean析:【D】同源词复现,由window-cleaner可知为clean the window.2. 同现同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇,一个话题,要求有与之相连的词汇(篇章中的词汇链)。1)名词同现:与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词。如:school:primary schoolmiddle schoolcollegeuniversitystudents:pupilsgraduatespostgraduates2)动词同现:与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个动词。如:schoolteachlearnattendfounddrop outgraduatebe dismissed3)形容词同现就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如:在学校这个语境中:(key)school(optional)course(compulsory)course4)结构同现如:someothers; on one handon the other hand; formerlatter; sothat; not onlybut also; hardly/scarcelywhen; no soonerthan; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way when;eg.I put my head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the room wasnt empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new _, dressed neatly.A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion析:【A】名词同现,从room, furniture,等同现信息可知。eg.We were _ to go back for class again when the headmaster called us ( together) and saidA. about B. able C. sorry D. sure析:【A】结构同现,be about to do when3.逻辑关系一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的,文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠过渡词的使用。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑,在做完形填空时应通过自己对上下文的理解,找到适当的逻辑关系,然后选择正确的过渡词。学生必掌握常见的过渡词:1)递进in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, whats more, whats worse,to make matters worse , to make things worse , worse still2)比较in the same way, as with, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as3)对照in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, on the contrary, while4)因果because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), so, thus5)强调certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, especiallyin particular, absolutely,6.让步although, though, after all, in spite of7)举例for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.8)时间和空间afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, finally, at lastoutside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of9)总结to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, in summary