科技论文英文的规范表达-词性与句子成分.pptx

1,cvlabUESTC,学以致用 用以促学,第8讲 科技论文英文的规范表达-词性与句子成分,2,cvlabUESTC,学以致用 用以促学,本章内容,词性,每个英语单词都有其特定的属性，称为“词性”，也叫“词类”part of speech。一个单词可有多个词性，各词性意思可能相同，也可能不同。同一意思可作多种词性使用，就是我们学过的构词的“转化”方法而来的：water n.水-water vt.浇水。不同词性在句子中所起的作用不同、充当的句子成分不同,3,n.名词noun：表示事物的名称，是动作的发出者或承受者。可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。teacher, Tom v.动词verb：作谓语。分为实意动词、助动词和情态动词三大类。其中实意动词又分为及物动词、不及物动词和系动词三小类。,4,vt.及物动词transitive verb：表示施加到一个对象身上的动作，这个动作的承受者叫“动词宾语”。及物动词必须加宾语。see, reach, leave, teach, learn, catch, throw vi.不及物动词intransitive verb：表示主动发出，没有动作承受者的动作。不及物动词不能加宾语，可加介词短语帮助说明动作承受者。look, arrive, remain, go, belong vl.系动词link verb：表示说明、描述的动词，后面必须加形容词或名词表示说明或描述的内容，称为表语。系动词必需加表语。系动词分为三小类，即be动词(am, is, are)、变化动词(become, turn)和感官动词(look, sound, feel)。,5,va.助动词auxiliary verb：和动词连用，一起做谓语，帮助实现时态、语态、疑问或否定等语法功能的词。do, will vm.情态动词modal verb：和动词连用，一起做谓语，帮助表达各种情绪、语气、感情等意味的词。can, should, must, may, had better,6,a.或adj.形容词adjective：修饰名词，说明名词的性质、状态、特征等。作定语。fast, careful, friendly ad.或adv.副词adverb：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或者全句。作状语。fast, carefully, no, however,7,prep.介词preposition：后加名词性词语，表示这个词与前面词语之间关系的词。介词后面必须加一个名词性结构，称为“介词宾语”。介词及其介词宾语合称“介词短语”。介词短语是副词性的，可作定语、状语或表语。in, at, for, after, in front of, in addition to conj.连词conjunction：连接两个词、短语或句子的词。只有连词、句号和分号可以连接两个句子。and, but, because, so, although, as,8,pron.代词pronoun：分为人称代词(he, she, I, it)、形容词性物主代词(my, his, its, their)、名词性物主代词(mine, his, its, theirs)三类。人称代词、名词性物主代词指代人或事物，具有类似名词的性质。形容词性物主代词具有类似形容词的性质。 num.数词number：指数字，具有类似名词的性质。one, two, twenty-five,9,art.冠词article：起限定或修饰作用，又叫“限定词”，具有类似形容词的性质。作定语。a, an, the excl.叹词exclamation：不做句子成分，类似插入语，表示感叹的词。oh,10,除此之外，动词还衍生出了四大新词，合称“非谓语动词”。非谓语动词是实意动词的变形式，它保留动词的一些特性，如保留原动词的状语或宾语等，但非谓语动词决不能做谓语。实际上，除了不能做谓语，非谓语动词几乎能做句子的其他所有成分，功能十分强大。 特殊的n.：v-ing动名词、to do动词不定式 He likes reading books. He likes to read books in his study. 特殊的adj.：v-ing现在分词（表主动和正在）、v-ed过去分词（表被动和已经） The girl walked along a path covered with fallen leaves, sobbing tearfully. Barking dogs seldom bite. （虚张声势）,11,This is a book about how we learn, one step at a time, to come to knowledge of the objective world, and why we sometimes take a step back.,12,课堂练习,The signal and the noise: why so many predictions fail - but some dont 大数据时代的巫师Nate Silver,pron vl art n prep ad pron vi num n prep art n 不定式（不定式符号 vi prep n prep art a n）conj ad pron ad vt art n ad,If asked to step out of the car, we will consciously obey, and then instinctively stand about four feet from the officer, although when talking to friends we automatically adjust that separation to about two and a half feet. conj 过去分词 不定式（不定式符号 vi prep art n）pron va ad vi conj ad ad vi prep num n prep art n conj ad 现在分词 prep n pron ad vt a n prep ad num conj art n n Subliminal: How you unconscious mind rules your behavior 潜意识：你的无意识心理是如何控制行为的？ Leonard Moldinow 时间简史第2作者,13,Thus we trained it on the largest facial dataset to-date, an identity labeled dataset of four million facial images belonging to more than 4,000 identities, where each identity has an average of over a thousand samples. ad pron vt pron prep art a a n a，art n 过去分词 n prep num n a n 现在分词 prep n prep num n ad a n vt art n prep a art n n,14,DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification cvpr 2014 facebook,Our method reaches an accuracy of 97.25% on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset, reducing the error of the current state of the art by more than 25%, closely approaching human-level performance. Pron(形容词性物主代词）n vt art n prep num prep art 过去分词 n prep art a (n) n，现在分词 art n prep art a n prep n prep n prep num ad 现在分词 n n,15,Motivated by the observation that failure of facial image pair-matching is always caused by inconsistent visual conditions of both total face and face parts, we propose to train multiple classifiers on total face and face parts with respect to different visual consistency conditions. 过去分词prep art n conj n prep a n 动名词 vl ad 过去分词 prep a a n prep a a n conj n n pron vt 不定式(不定式符号 vt a n prep a n conj n n 短语介词 a a n n) Unconstrained Face Verification by Optimally Organizing Multiple Classifiers IJCAS,16,17,cvlabUESTC,学以致用 用以促学,本章内容,简单句的句子成分,18,所有的英语句子只干两件事：说明“谁（对谁）干什么。”或者“谁是什么或怎么样”。这里的“谁”主语S；（对谁的“谁”宾语O）；干什么谓语V；是什么或怎么样表语P。因而，S、V、O、P是一个英语句子必须有的4大成分，缺一不可，少了任何一个成分，句子就是错误的。 要想句子表达的意义更丰富，需要在主、谓、宾、表的基础上增加4个装饰性成分，即定语、状语、补语、同位语。这四个成分不是句子必不可少的零件，如果去掉不影响句子的正确性。主谓宾表必有一套，定状补同可多可无。,简单句的4大必备成分主谓宾表必有一套,19,1、S主语：谓语动词的发出者或表语描述的对象（谁）。由名词性结构充当（n、人称代词、名词性物主代词、数词、动名词、不定式（to+动词原型）、主语从句）。 在陈述句中一般位于句首，表示动作的发出者“谁”。在一些特殊句式里（如倒装句、强调句）位于句中或句尾。祈使句的主语是省略了的“you”。如果主语太长（短语或从句），常常用it做形式主语放在句首代替它，而真正的主语置于句尾。,20,To say is one thing; to do is another. It is wrong to tell lies. Here comes the bus. It was from this famous university that he graduated. Do give him my best wishes. It is difficult to remember the new words. It has not been decided whether I will go back home this National Day Holiday.,21,2、V谓语：说明主语的动作（干什么）或状态（是什么或怎么样）。vt、vi、vl、va+v、vm+v He comes here every second day/every two days. 在陈述句中一般紧跟在主语后面，表示主语发出的动作“做”（实意动词）或者“是”（系动词）。在倒装句中谓语在主语前面。 Here comes the bus.,22,3、O（DO）(直接)宾语：谓语动词的承受者（对“谁”）。由名词性结构充当（n、人称代词、名词性物主代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句）。 在陈述句中一般紧跟在谓语及物动词后面，表示动作的承受者“（对）谁（做）”。如果宾语太长（短语或从句），常常用it做形式宾语放在句中代替它，而真正的宾语置于句尾。 They enjoyed the journey very much. I found it difficult to remember the new words. He made it clear that he would leave the company at the end of this month.,23,4、P表语：系动词的宾语是对主语的性质、特征或状态进行表述，所以不叫宾语，改名为表语。 除动词外的所有词性都能做表语 It feels good to lie down on the beach in the sunshine. 在陈述句中总是紧跟在谓语系动词后面，对主语进行表述说明“（主语是）怎么样”。 That was where we camped last time.,6个装饰性成分定状补同可多可无+间接宾语+独立成分,24,1、AT定语：限定或修饰名词，表示n的性质、大小、状态、形状、重量等。 形容词性结构（a、现在分词、过去分词、形容词性物主代词、定语从句）、art、介词短语、ad、n She is a kind teacher. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. The last one to arrive pays for the meal. They live in a room whose window opens to the south.,25,如果是单词做定语，置于被它修饰的名词前面（不定代词除外，必须置于后面）；短语或从句做定语，置于被它修饰的名词后面。“短前 长后 随左右”。 A beautiful girl is waiting for you. I didnt see anything unusual. The girl playing the piano is my sister. He is the very man I am looking for.,26,2、AD状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，表示动作的时间、地点、原因、程度、伴随状态等。表示“怎么样地（做）”。 ad、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、状语从句、独立主格结构 Light travels the most quickly. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. Once you begin, you must continue.,27,单词（副词）做状语，紧挨在vi后面、vt前面；如果有助动词或情态动词，则在第一个助动词之后，实意动词之前；短语或从句作状语，置于句首或句尾。长首末 短灵活，实意前 一助后。 He runs very quickly. She carefully checked the answers to the questions. The girl cried sadly, not knowing what to do next. Lets begin where we stopped yesterday. She was so amused that she couldnt even stop herself from laughing.,28,3、C 补语，分为OC宾语补足语和SC主语补足语：OC对O起补充说明作用，表示V施加到O身上之后造成O的状态或结果。 与AD的区别是：补语与宾语关系紧密，与宾语之间存在逻辑主谓关系。判断成分时应优先考虑是否宾语补足语。宾语+宾语补足语合称复合宾语。主动句变为被动语态后，宾语变成了主语，相应地宾补就转化成了主补。 除动词外，都能做补语 We found him a very clever boy. He was found a very clever boy by us. I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window. He was seen doing his homework by me when I passed his window.,29,宾语补足语一般在宾语之后；主语补足语在构成被动语态的过去分词之后。 Two policemen forced him to get off the plane. He was forced to get off the plane by two policemen. James friend advised him to choose the person carefully. James was advised to choose the person carefully by his friend.,30,4、AP同位语：与S或O并列，对S或O进行解释说明。 与AT的区别在于：AT是修饰，AP是解释说明；AP的中心名词多是一些需要解释说明的抽象名词（idea、fact、truth、news、reason等），AT的中心名词不受限；AT与中心名词之间是主从关系，AP与中心名词之间是对等关系，A即是B、B即是A。判断成分时优先考虑是否AP。 n、同位语从句 Her daughter Lily is my classmate. The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.,31,紧跟在它解释说明的名词之后。 The magician Liu Qian, born in 1976, must be the most popular one. The reason why he gave up his ambition was not known. He took my advice that he withdraw the money from the bank.,32,5、IO间接宾语：有的vt有两个宾语，第一个表示动作的目的或指向，称为间接宾语；第二个才是动作的承受者，称为直接宾语（DO）。IO和DO合称双宾语。 n、pron Please pass me a piece of paper. Please pass a piece of paper to me. He bought his mother a birthday present. He bought a birthday present for his mother.,33,6、额外插入的独立成分。 excl、呼语、插入语 Hey, where are you going? In addition, he has been told to adjust his attitudes and acquire a greater sense of showmanship if he wishes to gain admission to the main ring in the circus tent.,34,35,简单句的基本句型,36,根据句子成分的知识，构建出5种最基本的句型。划成分三步走：一找动词（V）、二找动作发出者（S）和承受者（O或P）、三分析装饰性成分是修饰（AT或AD）还是说明（同位语或补语）？修饰谁（修饰n是定语，修饰v是状语）？说明谁(说明n是同位语，与O有逻辑主谓关系的是补足语)？划分句子成分时，要分层考虑，一层有且仅有一套主谓、主谓宾或主谓表结构，缺成分或双成分都是错误的。,37,3大主力句型： 主谓：S+VI: She smiled. 主谓宾：S+VT+O: We study English. 主谓表：S+VL+P: He is a student. He is clever. 2大特殊句型： 主谓双宾：S+VT+IO+DO: He bought me a birthday present. 主谓复合宾：S+VT+O+OC: We found him a clever boy. We found him clever.,38,cvlabUESTC,学以致用 用以促学,本章内容,长句结构,39,1、简单句：当一个句子只包含一套主谓结构时称为简单句。其中主要的组成部分为主语和谓语，而谓语又是句子的核心。简单句有五种基本句型。,2、并列句：把两个简单句之间加上并列连词，成为一个并列句，连词隔开的两个分句都是完整的，可单独成立，地位平等。逗号不能连接两个完整句，加连词才行。常见并列连词：and，but，yet，or，otherwise，while，when（就在此时突然），not onlybut also，eitheror。,40,注意：thus（所以）、therefore（所以）、however（但是）、still（但是）都是adv，不是conj，所以不能连接两个完整的句子。逗号也不能连接两个完整句。,Take a map with you, or you will get lost. Not only is he good at computer but he can speak English well. Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you. I was about to leave when it began to rain. We were on the point of giving up the ship when the captain took charge.,41,3、复合句：长句中某一个或几个句子成分不是由词或者短语充当，而是由句子充当。这个句中句称为从句，其他部分称为主句。从句的特征是有引导词，它在主从句间起的作用类似连词。 从句共有六种，主、宾、表、定、状、同这几个句子成分都可以由从句充当，因而就有这六种从句。请回忆句子成分与词性的对应关系。 由于主从、宾从、表从、同位从具有类似n的性质，在句中所作的成分类似n所作的成分，所以合称名词性从句。定从类似adj的性质，状从类似adv的性质。,42,What he did made his mother angry. I dont know where he has gone. This is because you are too careless. The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes. Do you know the girl who is playing the piano? (从属连词) Because you are too careless, you failed in the exam.,43,4、并列复合句：并列句的两个分句中又各自有从句。 You may turn to Jane for help if you like, but I believe that you had better do it yourself.,练习,分析句子的句法结构。 Face verification is still a difficult problem in badly uncontrolled conditions. Motivated by the observation that failure of facial image pair-matching is always caused by inconsistent visual conditions of both total face and face parts, we propose to train multiple classifiers on total face and face parts with respect to different visual consistency conditions.,44,For training these classifiers, multiple similarity measures of multiple features on the matched and mismatched face image pairs are considered as the positive and negative training samples respectively(主语补足语） For a new face image pair, we compute its similarity measures and visual consistency measures (VCM). Relying on these VCMs, we adaptively select VCM-specific classifiers and optimally organize them to form an ensemble by the reliability estimation and adaptively weighting combination.,45,Our contributions are the visual consistency measure and the optimally organized VCM-specific classifier ensemble which can better overcome the influence of uncontrolled factors such as pose, illumination and expression etc. Experiments on the challenging unconstrained face dataset LFW (Labeled Face in the Wild) confirm the good performance of our algorithm with the record 0.8927 compared with state-of-the-art approaches in the same experiment settings.,46,