牛津上海版八上chapter 1《a letter from a pen-friend 》word学习辅导材料.doc
中小学教育资源站(http:/www.edudown.net),百万资源免费下载,无须注册!上海版牛津英语 8A 第一章 学习辅导材料(11.09) 词语知识一.同根词:magazine; magazinist magazine n. 杂志 例:Many students like to read this magazine. 许多学生喜欢看这本杂志。magazinist n. 杂志撰写人;期刊编辑 例:His eldest brother is a magazinist. 他的大哥哥是一位杂志编辑。chess; chessman(chessmen); chessboard chess n. 国际象棋 chessman 国际象棋棋子(单数) chessmen 国际象棋棋子(复数) Chinese chess 中国象棋 chessboard 棋盘architect; architecturearchitect n. 建筑师 例:His father works as an architect in London. 他父亲在伦敦做建筑师工作。architecture n. 建筑物;建筑学 例:He is studying Architecture in Tongji University. 他正在同济大学学习建筑学。二. 常用词组: be keen on 热心于做;热衷于 (后接名词或动名词) 例:Shes keen on sailing. 她喜欢航行。We are keen on going to Europe in the spring. 我们热切盼望春天去欧洲。My younger brother is keen on collecting coins. 我弟弟喜欢收集钱币。play chess 下象棋 注意 play在指参加某项比赛或体育活动的时候,后面没有the. 例:play hockey 打曲棍球 play football 踢足球 play basketball 打篮球 play 在指演奏某种乐器的时候要有the. 例:play the guitar 演奏吉他 play the piano 演奏钢琴tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事 例:Please tell me something about your school life. 请告诉我一些你们的校园生活。He told me about his worries. 他对我讲述他的担忧。enjoy doing sth. 喜欢干某事 例: I enjoy playing football. 我喜欢踢足球。注意 后接动名词的动词还有:finish, mind, practice 等,这些动词后只跟动名词,不跟动词不定式。例: He finished doing his homework just now. 他刚刚做完作业。 Do you mind opening the window? 打开窗子你介意吗? He sometimes practices playing the piano in the afternoon. 他有时在下午弹钢琴。三. 词义辨析: in the corner, at the corner, on the cornerin the corner 指房子、房间或庭院内的某个角落。例如:The Christmas tree is now standing in the corner of our sitting room. 这棵圣诞树现在就矗立在我家客厅的一角。 at the corner 指房子、房间或庭院外或街道的某个拐角处。例如:There is a restaurant at the corner. 在街角处有一家餐馆。 on the corner 指在某物上某个拐角处。例如:He stole in the room and saw the vase standing on the corner of a table. 他溜进房间,看到那只花瓶就放在一张桌子的角上。enjoy; like enjoy 和like 都可以作“喜欢:解。 like 是一般动词,指对某人或某物产生好感或感兴趣。enjoy 则侧重于享受到某种乐趣。另外,like 后可接动词-ing形式,也可接动词不定式,而enjoy只能接动词-ing形式。 例: 你喜欢听音乐吗? 应该是:Do you enjoy listening to music? 不应该是:Do you enjoy to listen to music?have been to; have been in; have gone to have been to + (某某地方) 表示去过某某地方,现在已经回来了,不在哪里了。例:We have been to Qingdao. 我们去过青岛。(现在不在青岛)have been in + (某某地方) 表示在某某地方呆了多长时间。例: How long have you been in China? 你在中国住了多长时间?have gone to表示到某某地方去了,现在还没有回来,可能在那里或在去或回来的途中。例: They have gone to Sydney. 他们去悉尼了。(现在在悉尼,或在去或回来的途中)say; speak; talk; tellsay 意为“说,述说”, 用系统的语言表达自己的想法(后面接的宾语是话语,不是人,即say sth.)例:He says, “It doesnt matter.” 他说:“没关系。”speak 常作为不及物动词使用,不注重说的内容,表示“说话”、“发言”;此外也指讲外语的能力,打电话时也用speak. 例: He will speak at the meeting. 他将要在会议上发言。 Please speak loudly! 请大声说! He can speak a little English. 他会说一点英语。 Hello, may I speak to Xiao Wang? 喂,我可以和小王通话吗?talk 意为“说”,“讲”、“谈话”,与speak 意义很近,但不如speak正式。talk 更常指与人交谈,有较强的“对话讨论”的意思。talk 后跟of 或about表示“谈到、谈起”。例: What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么? He often talks of you. 他经常谈到你。tell 常用作及物动词,有“告诉”的意思,它既注重说话的内容(直接宾语),又有告诉的对象(间接宾语),因此,tell 后面常跟双宾语。另外,讲故事用“tell a story”,它还有“吩咐、命令”和“分辩、识别”的意思。例: Ill tell her the good news. 我要告诉她这个好消息。 My mother often tells me stories. 妈妈常给我讲故事。 I cant tell the differences between the new words. 我辨别不出这两个新单词的区别。hope; wish hope 一般侧重于表达有可能实现的愿望,意为“希望;期待”。wish 一般侧重于表达不大可能实现或根本不考虑是否可能实现的愿望。 (1) hope 和wish 都接不定式做宾语。wish 只表示一种愿望;hope 也表示一种愿望,但比较有把握。例: I hope to see you soon. 我希望不久会见到你。(比较有把握) I wish to come to your party tomorrow. 但愿我明天来参加你的聚会。(只表示愿望,可能不大) (2) hope 和wish 都可以接that 引导的宾语从句,hope 后面的宾语从句用陈述语气,表示很有把握实现或达到;而wish后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气,表示一种无法实现或不真实的愿望。例: I wish (that) I could fly like a bird. 我希望能像一只鸟一样飞翔。(虚拟的,无法实现的) I hope she wont come tonight. 我希望她今晚不回来。 (有把握实现的) (3) wish 后面通常接宾语+不定式(做宾语补足语),而hope则不可以。例: I wish you to come and join us in the singing. 我希望你能来和我们一起唱歌。(划线部分为宾语you的补足语)不可以讲:I hope you to come.()My parents wish me to study hard at school. 我父母希望我在学校努力学习。不可以讲:My parents hope me .()(4) wish 表示祝愿时,后面可以接双宾语,而hope 则不可以。例: I wish you a happy New Year! 祝你新年快乐! 语法知识A) Question Words:(疑问词)用疑问词what等开头,就某一具体部分提问的疑问句叫做特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句的基本结构是:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序。但是如果疑问词在句子中作主语或作主语的定语,就用特殊疑问句+陈述句语序。常用的疑问词有:what, who (whom), whose, which, when, where, how, why 等,回答时针对问句中的代词或副词来回答,不用yes或no来回答。1. what 对谓语动词或指物代词提问。例如:What were the twins doing when their mother came in? 双胞胎的母亲回来的时候,他们俩在做什么? 对画线部分提问:I usually play football at weekends. 我通常在周末踢足球。 What do you usually do at weekends? 你周末通常干什么?2. which 对名词的定语提问。例如: Which shirt are you going to take? 你要拿哪一件衬衫? 对画线部分提问:The lady with green dress is our class teacher. 穿绿衣服的那位女士是我们的班主任。Which lady is your class teacher? 哪位女士是你们的班主任?3. when 对一段或一个具体的时间提问。例如: When does your mother cook the dinner every day? 你母亲每天什么时候做晚饭? 对画线部分提问: My father works in the factory from 9:00 to 16:00 every Saturday. 我父亲每星期六从九点到十六点在工厂工作。 When does your father work in the factory every Saturday? 你父亲每星期六什么时候在工厂工作?4. what time 对一个具体时刻提问。例如: What time does your mother get up every day? 你母亲每天几点钟起床? 对画线部分提问:We begin to do our morning exercises at eight oclock every day. 我们每天八点钟开始做早操。What time do you begin to do your morning exercises every day? 你们每天几点钟开始做早操?5. whose 对物主代词或名词所有格提问。例如: Whose pen is it? 这是谁的钢笔?对画线部分提问: That red one is Xiao Lis bag. 那只红色的士小李的书包。 Whose bag is that red one? 那只红色的是谁的书包?6. who 对句子要说的人、事、物(主语)提问。例如: Who is your Chinese teacher? 谁是你们的语文老师? 对画线部分提问:Miss Marry and Mr Jack are both assistants in this shop. 玛丽小姐和杰克先生都是这家商店的售货员。Who are both assistants in this shop? 谁是这家商店的售货员?7. where 对具体地点提问。例如: Where are the students having a picnic? 学生们正在什么地方举行野餐?对画线部分提问: Ill attend a meeting in shanghai Hotel. 我要去上海宾馆开个会。 Where will you attend a meeting? 你要去哪里开会?8. why 对事情的具体原因提问。例如: Why did not Xiao Li go with us?为什么小李没跟我们一起去? 对画线部分提问:She is going to see Jack, because Jack is ill. 她要去看杰克,因为杰克病了。Why is she going to see Jack? 她为什么要去看杰克?9. how 对方式或程度提问。例如: How do you go to school every day? 你每天怎样上学? 对画线部分提问:、He likes this job very much. 他非常喜欢这份工作。How does he like this job? 他怎样喜欢这份工作?10.how many 对可数名词的数量提问。例如: How many English books do you have? 你有多少本英语书? 对画线部分提问:I have bought sixty-one notebooks since the beginning of this term. 这学期以来我已经买了六十一本笔记本。How many notebooks have you bought since the beginning of this term?这学期以来你已经买了多少本笔记本了?11.how much 对不可数名词的数量提问。例如: How much water do you drink every day? 你每天喝多少水? 对画线部分提问:I have eaten three pieces of bread for breakfast this morning. 今天上午的早餐我吃了三片面包。How much bread have you eaten for breakfast this morning?今天上午的早餐你吃了多少面包?12.how much 对价格提问。例如: How much did you pay to buy this bag? 你买这只书包花了多少钱? 对画线部分提问:The bag costs fifty yuan. 这个书包价值50元。How much does the bag cost? 这个书包值多少钱?13.how long 对时间长度或对具体事物的长度提问。例如: How long have you been in Shanghai? 你在上海住了多长时间?对画线部分提问: My desk is about one point two five meters long. 我的书桌大约一米二五长。 How long is your desk? 你的书桌多少长?14. how often 对时间频率提问。例如: How often do you go to the cinema? 你多少时间去看一次电影? 对画线部分提问:Xiao Zhang goes to the library three times a week. 小张每星期去三次图书馆。How often does Xiao Zhang go to the library? 小张多少时间去一次图书馆?15.how many times 对具体次数提问。例如: How many times have you been to Beijing? 你去过北京多少次了? 对画线部分提问:He called me three times yesterday. 昨天他给我打了三次电话。How many times did he call you yesterday? 昨天他给你打了几次电话?16.how soon 对多久以后的将来时间提问。例如: How soon will he finish the work? 他多长时间后会完成这项工作? 对画线部分提问:I will visit an old friend of mine in five days. 五天后我要去看我的一位老朋友。How soon will you visit an old friend of yours? 多久以后你要去看你的一位老朋友?17.how far 对两点之间的距离提问。例如: How far is it from my home to your home? 从我家到你家有多远? 对画线部分提问:It is about 1,300 kilometers from Beijing to Shanghai. 从北京到上海大约1300公里。How far is it from Beijing to Shanghai? 从北京到上海有多少距离?18.what be the date 对具体日期(月、日)提问。例如: What is the date today? / What was the date yesterday? / What will be the date tomorrow? 今天/ 昨天/ 明天是几月几日?对画线部分提问:Today is October the twenty-sixth. 今天是十月二十六日。What is the date today? 今天是几月几日?19.what day 对星期几提问。例如: What day is (was, will be)today (yesterday, tomorrow)?今天(昨天,明天)是星期几? 对画线部分提问:What day is today? 今天是星期几?It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday) today.今天是星期日(星期一,星期二,星期三,星期四,星期五,星期六)。20.what colour 对物体的颜色提问。例如: What colour is your school uniform? 你的校服是什么颜色的? 对画线部分提问:Kittys overcoat is red and yellow. 凯蒂的大衣是红色和黄色的。What colour is Kittys overcoat? 凯蒂的大衣是什么颜色?将下列句子译成英语:1.你叫什么名字? 2 它是干什么的?3.你多大了? 4 你爸爸是什么职业?5它是什么? 6 她是谁?7比特几岁了? 8 他朋友的名字叫什么?9你朋友几岁了? 10 那些是什么?11墙上有几张图画? 12 书桌上有什么?13学生们在哪里? 14 公园里有多少男孩?15ABC公园怎么样? 16 新鞋子是什么颜色的?17他们可以在哪儿游泳? 18 他们现在可以干什么?19桌子上你能看到几只橘子? 20 谁能唱英语歌?21晚上你通常几点钟睡觉? 22 你母亲怎么样了?23这是谁的轿车? 24 Nickle 在星期天不干什么?25你们每天念多长时间英语? 26 哪天是你的生日?27你通常在哪里看电视? 28他妈妈想要干什么?29你生日经常得到什么? 30 你们明天准备干什么?31你为什么喜欢你的鹦鹉? 32 你想要买什么?33那是什么? 34 Lily 和Lucy现在几岁了?35那男孩正在干什么? 36 他五点钟通常干什么?37为什么你想要再睡一会儿? 38 Andy 把椅子放哪儿了?39你们家有几层楼? 40 他们什么时候上英语课?41她今晚将要做什么? 42 哪儿有漂亮的图画?43为什么他能看见外面? 44 什么时候男孩停止了哭?45Nile 在干什么? 46 玻璃杯里有什么?47他的公寓在哪里? 48 你们有多少钱?49用三元钱他能买什么? 50 你喜欢干什么?51他每星期给你什么? 52 你需要什么?53那男孩的爸爸是干什么的? 54 为什么Rose将要喝一大玻璃杯的水?55谁明天早上将叫醒她? 56 他们将乘飞机去哪里?57那里的人们非常喜欢什么? 58 你父亲怎样去上班?59哪个男孩是你的弟弟? 60 你每天几点钟上学去?61今天你们班来了多少学生? 62 你们带了多少水?63他在北京住了多长时间? 64 你的书包带子有多少长?65他们多少时间去看望一次父母? 66 他游览长城几次了?67你多久以后会来帮我? 68 从你家到上海大剧院有多远?69他生日是几月几日? 70今年的儿童节是几月几日?71去年国庆节是星期几? 72 你的毛衣是什么颜色的?B.不定冠词a / an的用法:不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。1、某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the ground. 有一只狗躺在地上。2、表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:An elephant is much stronger than a man.大象比人强壮多了(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮.3、 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English. 他是英语教师。 4、表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。 特别提示: 不定冠词表示的“一”,意思与one 差不多,但数量概念比one弱。a 和one有时候可以互换。如:There were nearly a / one hundred people at the meeting. 但是,在一些习惯用语中,a 和one 是不可互换的。如:once upon a time 从前 one day 有一天 an hour or two 一两个小时 one or two hours 一两个小时5、几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等阅读部分中文参考译文来自笔友的信亲爱的梅:我在笔友杂志上我看到你的名字,我想成为你的笔友。首先,我介绍一下自己。我名叫乔纳森陈,你可以叫我乔恩。我今年十二岁,身高约一米五。我留着黑色的短发。我的爱好是下国际象棋。我和父母一起住在英国。他们来自上海。我们住在一幢小房子里。我爸爸在附近开了一家中餐馆,我母亲在一所大学里工作。我有个哥哥,名叫威利。他在伦敦上大学,学会计专业。他假期里回家。你家有多少人?他们做什么工作呢? 我在沃克学校上七年级,学校离我家很近,我步行上学。 我喜欢我的学校,因为老师们都非常和善。我爱好运动,尤其喜欢滑雪和打乒乓球。我最擅长的科目是物理,我的志向是成为一名建筑设计师,或者是一名工程师。随信附上一张我和学校几个伙伴的合照,我站在中间。另外还附上一张我们学校的照片。它很漂亮吧?我希望你很快就会给我回信,并详细介绍你的情况。 你真诚的 乔恩 8月30日自 英国 纽卡斯尔 沃克郡 中街2号邮政编码:NE6 4BY8A Chapter One 综合能力测评一.选择最恰当的答案:1. Mr. Stone is _ honest man, and I dont think he is _ murderer.A. aa B. ana C. athe D. anthe2. In order to know more about places of interest, we should learn _ . A. chemistry B. physics C. astronomy D. geography3. My grandpa is _ man. A. an 80-year-old B. a 80 year old C. an 80-years-old D. a 80 year old4. Reading these books _ boring, _? A. isisnt it B. isarent they C. areisnt it D. arearent they5.Look!The children are _the ball games very much. A. enjoying playing B. enjoy to play C. enjoy playing D. enjoying play6. Kate is _Form One _Sunshine School. A. inon B. atof C. inat D. onat7. This camera looks like _ one , but it is much more expensive. A. a great B. a usual C. a kind D. an interesting8. Tony said Jack was a good friend of _>A. he B. him C. his D. hes9. I like Jay Chou so much, but _of my parents likes him. A. both B. either C. too D. neither10. My hobby is _ chess. I also enjoy _ stamps A. play, collecting B. to play, collect C. playing, to collect D. playing , collecting 11. -_is it from your school to the nearest underground station? - About fifteen minutes walk. A. How long B. How far C. Where D. How soon12. -_do you like the Bund? -Its the most wonderful place Ive ever visited. A. How B. What C. How many D. When13. The boy has breakfast _ home. A. on B. from C. in D. at14. We must keep the classroom _. A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned15. She _ know the answer, but Im not sure. A. maybe B. may be C. may D. must16. There is _ in todays newspaper. A. nothing new B. anything new C. new anything D. new something 17. - You look rather tired. _ stop to take a rest? - All right. But Ill have to work for a few more minutes. A. Why not B. Do you C. What about D. How about 18. Ive _ the word in several dictionaries, but I cant _ how to use the word correctly. A. looked in; find out B. looked up; find out C. looked up; find D. looked for; find19. My father will have a _ holiday next month. Hell take me to Qingdao. A. ten day B. ten days C. ten-days D. ten days20. - Hi, Tom! Can you tell me when _ for London? -Yes, tomorrow afternoon. A. leaving B. leaves C. to leave D. are you leaving 21. - Will you please to write a short passage on “Meteor Garden” and _ it to me this morning? - What about tomorrow? My computer doesnt work now. A. give B. e-mail C. take D. bring 22. There will be a volleyball match in our school, _? A. be there B. is there C. will there D. wont there23. - You dont look well, whats wrong with you, Wang Ming? - Last night I watched the football match and didnt go to bed _ 12 oclock. A. when B. until C. as D. while 24. Dont worry, sir. Im